Opinion
Understanding The Boko Haram Menace
This is, no doubt, a trying period for Nigeria, not just for president Goodluck Jonathan’s government alone. Since 2010 when the Islamic sect known as Boko Haram invented its own world of perpetual fear, human life has become a worthless penny in the hands of blood-thirsty desperadoes who claim to be fighting western education and championing the cause of Islam.
Since the defeat of Biafran insurgency in the early 1970s, I doubt if any of our national challenges bears as much red flames of wickedness and threats to national unity as the on-going insurrection against government and humanity in the northern parts of the country.
As the clock ticks, Nigeria’s unity appears headed towards dangerous terra firma. The pessimistic prediction that Nigeria may cease to exist by the year 2015 stares us in the face. While it is easy to dismiss the prediction as too unprincely and perditious, it will be suicidal to ignore the signs of an impending holocaust.
It all appears that the events that led us into three years of bloody civil war between 1967 and 1970 are still lurking around the corner. The incurable optimists among us may argue that the pogrom of the 1960s is dead and buried with its mastermind and architect. I hope so. But the unfolding absurd theatricalities in the northern parts of the country are clear indications that the wounds of the past are not yet healed.
I say so because the albatross plays itself out anytime, and at the slightest provocation. Or are these mangled flesh of human bones, smashed skulls, caked blood, wanton destruction of properties including sacred places of worship and the zig-zag footprints of escapees fleeing the fury of blood-thirsty Boko Haramists in the North mere chimerical imagining? What about the calls for reprisal attacks by some angry ethno-religious leaders?
It has severally been argued that Nigeria’s political amalgamation in 1914 by Frederick Lord Lugard is our Archiles’ heel. Maybe. But if truly the fusion of the country’s numerous ethnic tribes is a salad of contraries, what about the Guals, the Prussians of East Germany, the Dutch and the English forcibly yoked together under the rubric of a nation?
The truth is that we are shying away from examining the basis of our togetherness, as a people. Each time we are confronted with national problems, we always reach for a hackneyed rationalisation of our collective foibles and incompetence. We quibble from the exigencies to matters miscellaneous. We pop up sentiments and pander to the sickening ethnic and religious pantomime.
While reacting to the senseless killing of people, mostly southerners and Christians, in the north, some southern and Christian leaders called for a reprisal (or is it defensive?) attack by Christians. The president of Christian Association of Nigeria (CAN), Ayo Oritshejafor was at the head of the call, fuming and sabre-rattling with inciting statement shortly after the Madalla massacre. Thanks to some Christian leaders who quickly dismissed his call for defensive attacks as a mere expression of his personal anger.
There is no doubt that the Boko Haram’s insurgency in the last one year is enough temptation to provoke anger and make one clothe the uprising in the north with secretarian garb. Understandably too that there would always be a rancorous decibel and public backlash against any move that threatens national security and integration or attempts to scupper our hard-earned democracy (sorry civil rule), it however, becomes dangerous and self-serving when public flak and ferocious reactions against such criminal activities as Boko Haram’s tend to be defensive of ethnic or religious interest.
We do not need to scratch our heads too far to realise that the uprising in the north is not a religious or ethnic war, nor does it require extra-terrestrial intelligence to know that the loose-limped reasons offered by Boko Haram gang for its criminal acts are just as brittle as bits of straw.
By all indications, Boko Haram is a mere criminal gang that exploits the country’s ethnic divide and religious suspicion to perpetrate its civil activities.
I would rather pander to the arguments of many people, especially that of former American President, Bill Clinton, that the Boko Haram menace was a product of poor leadership in the country, especially in the north which has created a tribe of Almajiris who, for lack of means of livelihood, have become pawns in the hands of political marauders.
Ordinarily, the line of argument would seem persuasive to those who believe that the reasons behind those heinous acts could be traced to religious bigotry. But a few instances, which though are still under investigation across the country, have debunked this impression and belief.
The bombing of the headquarters of the Church of Christ in Nations (COCIN) in Jos two weeks ago has been reportedly traced to an in-fighting within the church. Similar occurrences took place last year. A Christian woman, who pretended to be a Muslim, allegedly went to her own parish church in Bauchi and tried to set it ablaze, just the same way a Christian who claimed to be a Muslim was arrested while trying to bomb a church in Plateau State. There was a similar report in Zamfara State where 19 Muslims were killed by some people suspected to be Christians. But after investigation, it was discovered that those merchants of death were actually non-Christians, but Muslims.
These few examples go to buttress the point that the Boko Haram menace has crossed religious borders. So, in our quest towards national unity, we should avoid quibbling from the exigencies to matters miscellaneous We need to understand the Hollywood style the Boko Haram sect has adopted to give its criminal acts a veil of religious bigotry.
It is interesting to know that a handful of Boko Haram kingpin in police net are giving useful hints and information. Government must, however, ensure that the reports of the investigation are not swept under the carpet. Nigerians deserve to know the sponsors and the real motives behind those heinous attacks on humanity. It is only this way the government can earn the trust of the people.
Again, our political and ethno-religious leaders must avoid playing politics with the issues of our collective survival. Rather than resorting to knee-jerk reactions and divisive, wild utterances, they should face the challenges of the time by offering a leadership that focuses on common good. The earlier we collectively fight the enemies within our folds who are determined to destroy our country, the better.
Boye Salau
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Fuel Subsidy Removal and the Economic Implications for Nigerians
From all indications, Nigeria possesses enough human and material resources to become a true economic powerhouse in Africa. According to the National Population Commission (NPC, 2023), the country’s population has grown steadily within the last decade, presently standing at about 220 million people—mostly young, vibrant, and innovative. Nigeria also remains the sixth-largest oil producer in the world, with enormous reserves of gas, fertile agricultural land, and human capital.
Yet, despite this enormous potential, the country continues to grapple with underdevelopment, poverty, unemployment, and insecurity. Recent data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS, 2023) show that about 129 million Nigerians currently live below the poverty line. Most families can no longer afford basic necessities, even as the government continues to project a rosy economic picture.
The Subsidy Question
The removal of fuel subsidy in 2023 by President Bola Ahmed Tinubu has been one of the most controversial policy decisions in Nigeria’s recent history. According to the president, subsidy removal was designed to reduce fiscal burden, unify the foreign exchange rate, attract investment, curb inflation, and discourage excessive government borrowing.
While these objectives are theoretically sound, the reality for ordinary Nigerians has been severe hardship. Fuel prices more than tripled, transportation costs surged, and food inflation—already high—rose above 30% (NBS, 2023). The World Bank (2023) estimates that an additional 7.1 million Nigerians were pushed into poverty after subsidy removal.
A Critical Economic View
As an economist, I argue that the problem was not subsidy removal itself—which was inevitable—but the timing, sequencing, and structural gaps in Nigeria’s implementation.
- Structural Miscalculation
Nigeria’s four state-owned refineries remain nonfunctional. By removing subsidies without local refining capacity, the government exposed the economy to import-price pass-through effects—where global oil price shocks translate directly into domestic inflation. This was not just a timing issue but a fundamental policy miscalculation.
- Neglect of Social Safety Nets
Countries like Indonesia (2005) and Ghana (2005) removed subsidies successfully only after introducing cash transfers, transport vouchers, and food subsidies for the poor (World Bank, 2005). Nigeria, however, implemented removal abruptly, shifting the fiscal burden directly onto households without protection.
- Failure to Secure Food and Energy Alternatives
Fuel subsidy removal amplified existing weaknesses in agriculture and energy. Instead of sequencing reforms, government left Nigerians without refinery capacity, renewable energy alternatives, or mechanized agricultural productivity—all of which could have cushioned the shock.
Political and Public Concerns
Prominent leaders have echoed these concerns. Mr. Peter Obi, the Labour Party’s 2023 presidential candidate, described the subsidy removal as “good but wrongly timed.” Atiku Abubakar of the People’s Democratic Party also faulted the government’s hasty approach. Human rights activists like Obodoekwe Stive stressed that refineries should have been made functional first, to reduce the suffering of citizens.
This is not just political rhetoric—it reflects a widespread economic reality. When inflation climbs above 30%, when purchasing power collapses, and when households cannot meet basic needs, the promise of reform becomes overshadowed by social pain.
Broader Implications
The consequences of this policy are multidimensional:
- Inflationary Pressures – Food inflation above 30% has made nutrition unaffordable for many households.
- Rising Poverty – 7.1 million Nigerians have been newly pushed into poverty (World Bank, 2023).
- Middle-Class Erosion – Rising transport, rent, and healthcare costs are squeezing household incomes.
- Debt Concerns – Despite promises, government borrowing has continued, raising sustainability questions.
- Public Distrust – When government promises savings but citizens feel only pain, trust in leadership erodes.
In effect, subsidy removal without structural readiness has widened inequality and eroded social stability.
Missed Opportunities
Nigeria’s leaders had the chance to approach subsidy removal differently:
- Refinery Rehabilitation – Ensuring local refining to reduce exposure to global oil price shocks.
- Renewable Energy Investment – Diversifying energy through solar, hydro, and wind to reduce reliance on imported petroleum.
- Agricultural Productivity – Mechanization, irrigation, and smallholder financing could have boosted food supply and stabilized prices.
- Social Safety Nets – Conditional cash transfers, food vouchers, and transport subsidies could have protected the most vulnerable.
Instead, reform came abruptly, leaving citizens to absorb all the pain while waiting for theoretical long-term benefits.
Conclusion: Reform With a Human Face
Fuel subsidy removal was inevitable, but Nigeria’s approach has worsened hardship for millions. True reform must go beyond fiscal savings to protect citizens.
Economic policy is not judged only by its efficiency but by its humanity. A well-sequenced reform could have balanced fiscal responsibility with equity, ensuring that ordinary Nigerians were not crushed under the weight of sudden change.
Nigeria has the resources, population, and resilience to lead Africa’s economy. But leadership requires foresight. It requires policies that are inclusive, humane, and strategically sequenced.
Reform without equity is displacement of poverty, not development. If Nigeria truly seeks progress, its policies must wear a human face.
References
- National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). (2023). Poverty and Inequality Report. Abuja.
- National Population Commission (NPC). (2023). Population Estimates. Abuja.
- World Bank. (2023). Nigeria Development Update. Washington, DC.
- World Bank. (2005). Fuel Subsidy Reforms: Lessons from Indonesia and Ghana. Washington, DC.
- OPEC. (2023). Annual Statistical Bulletin. Vienna.
By: Amarachi Amaugo
