Millions of angry workers on Wednesday went on strike across Europe to protest spending cuts and tax rises they say have made the economic crisis worse in what is termed as a coordinated day of action.

Protests,  the largest and most violent, are taking place in Spain, where a general strike has shut down or disrupted public transport while many schools, shops, factories and airports are closed.

There were also significant walkouts and outbreaks of violence in Portugal, Greece and Italy.

Moreso, limited protests are taking place in other countries, including France and Belgium and even in Germany where the traditionally strong economy has taken a hit.

Transport across the continent is being disrupted by the strikes. Hundreds of flights have been grounded, and there are severe reductions in intercity rail services and local transit systems.

In Spain and Portugal, hundreds of flights were cancelled, car factories and ports were at a standstill and trains barely ran where unions held their first ever coordinated general strike.

Riot police arrested about two protesters in Madrid and hit others with batons, witnesses said, and in Rome, students pelted police with rocks in a protest over money-saving plans for the school system.

International rail services were disrupted by strikes in Belgium and workers in Greece, Italy and France planned work stoppages or demonstrations as part of a “European Day of Action and Solidarity”.

“We’re on strike to stop these suicidal policies,” said Candido Mendez, head of Spain’s second-biggest labour federation, the General Workers’ Union, or UGT.

More than 60 people were arrested in Spain and 34 injured, 18 of them security officials after scuffles at picket lines and damage to storefronts.

Protesters jammed cash machines with glue and coins and plastered anti-government stickers on shop windows. Power consumption dropped 16 per cent with factories idled.

International lenders and some economists say the programmes of tax hikes and spending cuts are necessary for putting public finances back on a healthy track after years of overspending.

While several southern European countries have seen bursts of violence, a coordinated and effective regional protest to the austerity has yet to gain traction and governments have so far largely stuck to their policies.

Spain, where the crisis has pushed millions into poverty, has seen some of the biggest protests. Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy is trying to put off asking for European aid that could require even more budget cuts.

Passion was inflamed when a Spanish woman jumped to her death last week as bailiffs tried to evict her from her home. Spaniards are furious at banks being rescued with public cash while ordinary people suffer.

In Portugal, which accepted an EU bailout last year, the streets have been quieter but public and political opposition to austerity is mounting, threatening to derail new measures sought by Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho.

His centre-right government was forced by protests to abandon a planned increase in employee payroll charges, but replaced it by higher taxes.

Passos Coelho’s policies were held up this week as a model by German Chancellor Angela Merkel, who is despised in much of southern Europe for insisting on austerity as a condition of her support for EU aid.

“I’m on strike because those who work are basically being blackmailed into sacrificing more and more in the name of debt reduction, which is a big lie,” said Daniel Santos de Jesus, 43, who teaches architecture at the Lisbon Technical University.

Some five million people, or 22 per cent of the workforce, are union members in Spain. In Portugal, about a quarter of the 5.5 million strong workforce is unionised.

Major demonstrations were planned for the evening in Madrid, Lisbon, Barcelona and other cities.

Just 20 per cent of Spain’s long-distance trains and a third of its commuter trains were running. Lisbon’s Metro was completely shut and only 10 per cent of all trains will run under a court-ordered minimum service.

In Barcelona, Spain’s second-biggest city, hundreds of trash containers were taken off the streets to stop them being burnt.

More than 600 flights were cancelled in Spain, mainly by Iberia and budget carrier Vueling. Portugal’s flag carrier TAP cancelled roughly 45 percent of flights.