Opinion
How To Check Floods In Nigeria
Flooding is a perennial problem caused by severe and torrential rainfall or rivers and oceans overflowing its banks as a result of high tides, thereby submerging land areas. In other words, floods could arise from a very large amount of water that has overflowed due to heavy downpour of rainfall or from a source such as river or a broken pipe onto a previously dry area. These are very common occurrences in coastal towns and other areas of the world like the Niger Delta part of Nigeria.
Rivers State, for instance, experiences flooding regularly and is prone to perennial flooding either when there is severe rainfall or high sea tide occasioned by increase in volume of rivers or the ocean.
Flooding takes place when lakes, ponds, river beds, soil and vegetation can not absorb all the water; water then runs off the land in volumes that can not be carried within stream channels or retained in lakes, natural ponds and man-made reservoirs. About thirty per cent of all precipitation becomes run off and that amount might be increased by water from melting glaciers.
Flood that rises rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash flood. Flash flood normally results from extensive rainfall over a relatively small area or if the area was already saturated from previous precipitation.
Flooding can be exacerbated by increased amount of impervious surface or by other natural hazards, wild fires or deforestation which reduce the supply of vegetation that can absorb rainfall. Moreover, flooding may occur due to severe winds over water, unusual high tides, tsunamis or failure of dams, retention ponds or other structures that retain water.
Flood also occurs in rivers when flow exceeds the capacity of the river or the sea channel particularly at bends or meanders. It often causes damage to homes, communication and electrical installations, businesses etc if they are located in natural flood plains of seas or rivers.
From time past, people have lived and worked by the water to seek sustenance and capitalise on the gains of cheap and easy travel and commerce by being close to the water. The fact that humans continue to inhabit areas threatened by flood damage is an evidence that the perceived value of living close to the water supersedes the cost of repeated periodioc flooding.
Meanwhile, the area geographically regarded and known as the Niger Delta with its estuary that empties into the Atlantic ocean is very prone or susceptible to flooding and its effect. This area is bordered by the coastline with its coastal shoreline that is characterised by flood plains which give rise to flooding just like other deltaic regions of the world. For instance, the Nile delta in Egypt that empties into the meditaranean sea, the Mississippi delta area of the United States that empties its water into the ocean and most of the areas or towns around these coastal regions experience various forms of flooding at different times of the year.
Coastal towns and cities in Nigeria, like Eket, Uyo, Port Harcourt, Bonny, Warri, Yenegoa etc. have suffered considerable losses from the effects of flooding. Flood has so many negative impacts. It destroys property and endangers the lives of humans and other living things including plants – vegetation; causes soil erosion and resultant sediment deposition elsewhere such as further downstream or down the coast. The breeding ground for fish and other marine life and wild life habitats become polluted or completely destroyed.
Prolonged high flood causes traffic obstruction and delays in areas that lack good drainage system or elevated roadways such as Rumuomasi/Market junction in Port Harcourt – Aba road, and Oroworukwo near St. John’s Bus stop on the same expressway. Flood does interfere with drainage and economic uses of lands, such as interfering with crop and animal farming. Structural damage could arise from bridge collapse, sewer lines, bank lines and other structures within floodways. Waterway navigation and hydro electric power are often impaired, including aviation navigation as flood could lead to delay or cancellation of flights or even cause crashes etc.
Only recently, the United Nations Envrionment Programme (UNEP) predicted that climate change will increase the risk of flooding in Europe and other parts of the world. According to United Nations (UN) report, in 1998, 23 million people were affected as a result of flooding in Xian, China including three thousand people dead. About one million people lost their homes. While in 1996, the monsoon flood in India affected more than five million people in the northern and eastern parts of the country. Severe floods have also killed over two hundred people in India and Bangladesh and left millions homeless.
Here in Lagos, Nigeria , in 2011, many lives were lost and valuable property worth millions of naira were lost to flood not to talk of the damage done to bridges, roads, communication lines etc. Similar thing is repeating itself this year.
It is pertinent to note that, flooding usually brings with it health hazards; it brings infectious diseases like malaria fever, pneumonic plague, dermatopethia, dysentery, common cold etc. And for areas which have no electric supply as a result of flooding, food poisoning may occur as food may not be properly frozen.
Therefore, for the world to be able to contain flooding which comes with its attendant dangers and tragedies, a wise society should build towns and cities in ways that can accommodate flooding and not trying to avoid it. Attempting to go against nature is most certainly risky. Man from time immemorial, has put in place measures to help check the menace of flooding. These measures include planting of vegetation to retain excess water, terracing hillsides to slow water flow downhill and the construction of floodways such as man-made channels or drainages to divert flood water.
A good example is the floodway channel being constructed by the Rivers State Government from Okporo road at Second Artillery all the way, to be diverted into the Ekere creek canal to help check flooding experienced in that area.
Other techniques that can be devised with increased development and advancement in technology to check flooding include the construction of dams, levees, dikes, reservoirs or retention ponds to hold extra water during times of flooding. Damming of rivers or seas and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to assist in flood protection and control. Most large dams have flood control reservations in which the level of the reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the rainy season so as to allow a certain amount of space in which flood water can fill.
In many towns and cities, government could build river defences, since rivers are prone to floods if not properly managed. These defences include bunds reservoirs and levees. They are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. In the event of these defences failing, emergency measures such as sand bags or portable inflatable tubes are used. The issue of coastal flooding has been effectively addressed in Europe and Amercia with coastal defences such as sea walls, beach nourishment. In Lagos, the state government has adopted this approach in shoring up Bar Beach in Victoria Island, thereby proecting it from ocean surge as well as barrier islands.
Another measure that can help stem flooding is tide gates. This is used in conjunction with dikes and culverts. These gates can be placed at the mouth of streams or small rivers where an estuary begins or where tributary streams or drainage ditches connect to wet lands. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters from moving upland and open during outgoing tides to allow water to drain out via the culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is driven by the difference in water level on either side of the gate. These are good examples all the vulnerable states in Nigeria can implement especially in the coastal states to help check perennial flooding.
One of the most elaborate and largest flood control measures is found in the Netherlands, where they are referred to as delta works with the Osterschelde dam as its crowning achievement. The construction was made in response to the North sea flood of 1953 in the south-western part of the country. This is one giant measure taken by the Netherlands government to help control and mitigate the effects of flood year after year, as it is one of the most flood prone areas in the world. Nigeria stands to gain a lot if it can borrow a leaf from all these examples.
Ayooso is a Port Harcourt-based public affairs analyst
Samson Ayooso
Nigeria, often referred to as the “Giant of Africa”, is endowed with vast natural resources,
a large population and a youthful workforce.
Despite these advantages, the country faces persistent economic challenges, most notably high unemployment rates over the years. Successive governments remain a central issue contributing to poverty, social unrest, and underdevelopment. The economic wellbeing of a nation is significantly tied to her employment levels.
In Nigeria’s case, high unemployment has become a key driver of its poor economic performance affecting everything from productivity and income levels to crime and political instability.
Unemployment in Nigeria has assumed a multidimensional nature, characterised not just by joblessness but also underemployment, informal employment and precarious working conditions.
The Nigeria National Bureau of Statistic (NBS) said the youth with over 60 percent of Nigeria’s population under the age of 30 percent youth unemployment is a time bomb threatening the nation’s future.
Many graduates leave universities and polytechnics annually with little or no hope of securing decent jobs.
This structural unemployment is the result of a mismatch between skills and labour market needs, inadequate industrialisation, and a weak private sector.
Unemployment affects an economy in numerous direct and indirect ways.
In Nigeria, it leads to a reduced consumer base, when large sections of the population are not earning steady incomes, they have limited purchasing power which in turn affects the production and growth of businesses. Companies produce less, invest less and hire fewer people, leading to a vicious cycle of low economic growth.
Moreover, high unemployment translates to lower tax revenue for the government with fewer people paying taxes. The government has fewer resources to fund infrastructure, education, healthcare, and other public services that stimulate economic development.
This fiscal weakness forces Nigeria to rely heavily on foreign loans, which leads to rising debt levels and economic vulnerability.
Furthermore, infrastructure deficits including inadequate power supply, poor road networks and limited access to credit make it difficult for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to thrive, yet SMEs are the bedrock of employment in many developed nations. Nigeria’s weak support for SMEs stifles innovation and job creation.
Another tragic consequence of high unemployment is the mass exodus of Nigerian talent to foreign countries in search of better opportunities. The brain drain weakens the country’s human capital base and deprives it of professionals who could contribute meaningfully to national development.
The “Japa” phenomenon-a slang used to describe young Nigerians fleeing the country reflects deep disillusionment with the system. Doctors, nurses, software engineers and other professionals are leaving in droves. The cost of training these individuals is absorbed by Nigeria, but their expertise benefits foreign economics. This dynamic further deepens the economic challenges as the country loses its best and brightest minds.
Addressing unemployment in Nigeria requires a multifaceted approach, first.
Secondly, industrialisation must be prioritised. The government should create an enabling environment for local manufacturing by improving infrastructure, reducing Bureaucratic bottlenecks and offering tax incentives reviving the agricultural sector with modern techniques and supply chains can also absorb a significant portion of the unemployed.
Thirdly, Governments at all levels must be held accountable for implementing job creation programmes transparently and effectively. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) should be encouraged to drive innovations and employment in ICT, renewable energy and logistics.
Finally, Nigeria must diversify its economy away from crude oil and invest in sectors that generate mass employment. Tourism, education, healthcare and creative industries such as film and music hold immense unlapped potential.
With genuine commitment from leaders, strong institutions and the active participation of the private sector and civil society, Nigeria can turn the tide on unemployment and chart a path toward sustainable economic prosperity.
Idorenyi, an intern with The Tide, is a student of Temple Gate Polytechnic
Abia State.
Biana Idorenyin
April 25 every year is World Malaria Day. It was instituted by the World Health Assembly in 2007, “to highlight the progress made in Malaria control, the ongoing challenges that persist and the urgent need for sustained investment and innovation”. This year’s theme, “Malaria Ends with Us: Reinvest, Reimagine and Reignite”, is apt considering the loss of lives incurred and money spent to treat and prevent Malaria. The theme is a clarion-call to intentionally end the malaria scourge through robust commitment of human and financial resources.
That is why one of the best policies, of the suspended Sir Siminalayi Fubara’s administration in Rivers State, was the avowed commitment to check the malaria menace and its multiplier consequences on the residents of the State, through its “Free Malaria Testing and Treatment” innovation.
Rivers State is a microcosm of Nigeria in terms of residents; thus the secularity of the State makes the programme’s beneficiary all-inclusive.
No doubt, the Rivers State Government has by this initiative reinforced value placement on the lives of the people, especially the less-privileged in the State. Residents in Rivers State can now be tested and treated free for Malaria in any Rivers State Government- owned hospitals and healthcare centres across the 23 Local Government Areas of Rivers State. This is a lofty and laudable programme because of the prohibitive cost of malaria drugs and conducting tests at a time majority of Nigerians hardly have a meal to eat, because of the prevailing economic hardship in the country.
Malaria and Typhoid, according to medical and health statisticians are the commonest ailments people suffer as a result of dirty environment, absence of good drainage, lack of potable water. The State Government’s Malaria programme is, therefore, not just a big financial relief but also a life-saver for the teeming poverty-ridden population of Nigeria resident in Rivers State.
According to statistics reeled out by the Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, “Globally, there are an estimated 249million malaria cases and 608,000 malaria deaths among 85 countries”. Such reports leave much to be desired in a nation so blessed with natural resources and manpower. This is why the Rivers State Government should be commended for defying the huge financial implications to drive the lofty programme for Nigerians and foreigners in Rivers State who are availed the privilege of accessing the largesse in all State Government health and medical facilities.
As the Rivers State Government deemed it necessary to initiate the Free Malaria Testing and Treatment programme, nothing stops the Federal Government from doing the same. But even with abounding natural and human resources in unimaginable quantity in Nigeria, Malaria programmes are either grossly underfunded, or funds for the programmes are misappropriated or embezzled with impunity.
In Nigeria, malaria is one of the leading causes of death of children under the age of six and pregnant women. Malaria is a nightmare in Nigeria so much so that price of its drugs and treatment have skyrocketed like a phoenix and outrageously outside the reach of the teeming less privileged citizens of Nigeria. The situation was so alarming that the National Assembly, in 2023 urged the Federal Government to declare Malaria an emergency in Nigeria as a matter of urgent national interest. I am not sure that has been done by the Federal Government because it seems to be in the interest of the common citizens.
Experts have recommended new approaches to fighting the malaria epidemic in Nigeria which seems to have defied continuous attempts to reduce the Malaria burden in Nigeria to zero.
According to a Senior Associate at the John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public.Health, Soji Adeyi, Nigeria should begin to increase internal funding.for malaria elimination.
According to him,, “Each year reliance on external funding needs to be reduced. I looked at the summary of Malaria reports from 2008 till now and what has been common is the complaint about the lack of funding. If this is a recurring problem, what should be done is to find a new approach “.
In his view, Abdu Muktar, National Coordinator of the Presidential Healthcare Initiative, called for the local production and manufacturing of medical supplies as well as reducing Nigeria’s dependence on drugs imports.
According to him, the local production of anti-malaria and.related.medication will consider.the peculiarity of the country’s terrain, population and burden and.would improve access to effective treatment.
For his part, the regional. Director of World Health Organisation (WHO), African Region, Matshiddiso Moretti, advised Nigeria to accelerate its efforts to end Malaria by relying on adequate data for the implementation of health policies.
Malaria is an epidemic more devastating than the dreaded HIV/AIDS. Malaria triggers high blood pressure and places HIV/AIDS patients on a critical condition. The Federal and sub-national governments should therefore declare Malaria an emergency and prioritise attention to its treatment, production and importation of drugs and vaccines to stem the malaria menace.
The Federal Government should also improve incentives and remuneration of medical and health workers to end their exodus abroad in droves, for greener pastures.
Igbiki Benibo
The traditional institution is as old as human society. It predates the advent of modern organised society. Before the emergence of modern justice system of dispute resolution and political system of administration, the traditional institution has existed long ago. In fact, it was so revered and regarded as sacred because of the mythological conviction that it was the “stool of the ancestors”. Consequently, judgment given was deified as many people especially the traditionalists believe it was the mind of the gods revealed. Perversion of justice , in the pre-modern justice system was alien and considered uncommon. Chiefs and traditional rulers though may not have generated knowledge formally (through the four walls of a classroom), yet they embody and exemplify knowledge. They hold fast the virtue of integrity and honour, fairness and relative impartiality, partly because they believed that the stool they occupy was ancestral and traditional as act of indiscretion can court the wrath of the gods at whose behest they are on the traditional saddle of authority.
The Compass of Life stated unequivocally that “the throne is preserved by righteousness”. Where righteousness, integrity and honesty are savoured,and valued, perversion and miscarriage of justice is an anomaly. The judgments of traditional rulers and chiefs were hardly appealed against because they were founded on objectivity, fairness, truth and facts beyond primordial sentiment and inordinate interests or pecuniary benefits. Judgments were precedent. Traditional rulers and chiefs, therefore carved a niche for themselves, earning the respect of, and endearing themselves to the heart of their subjects. Is it the same today? Some traditional rulers and chiefs are administering their communities in exile; they are diasporic leaders because they have lost the confidence of the people through self-serving, raising of cult group for self-preservation, land grabbing and other flagrant corrupt practices.
When truth is not found in the traditional institution that, in my considered view, constitutes the grassroots government, then crisis is inevitable.In most African societies before advent of the Christian Faith, and consequent Christening of the traditional stools in many communities in recent times, ascent to the traditional institution was a function of a traditional method of selection. It was believed that the gods make the selection. And whoever emerges from the divination processes eventually is crowned as the king of the people after performing the associated rituals.Whoever lacked the legitimacy to sit on the throne but wanted to take it forcefully, traditionalists believed died mysteriously or untimely. Traditional rulers wielded much influence and power because of the authority inherent in the stool, the age of the person designated for the stool notwithstanding. The word of the king was a law, embodied power. Kings so selected are forthright, accountable, transparent, men of integrity, did not speak from both sides of the mouth, could not be induced with pecuniary benefits to pervert justice, they feared the gods of their ancestors and were consecrated holistically for the purpose dictated by the pre and post coronation rituals.
Some of those crowned king were very young in those days, but they ruled the people well with the fear of the gods. There was no contention over who is qualified to sit or who is not qualified to. It was the prerogative of the gods. And it was so believed and upheld with fear.Kings were natural rulers, so they remained untouchable and could not be removed by a political government. If a king committed an offence he was arrested and prosecuted according to the provision of the law. But they have immunity from sack or being dethroned because they are not political appointees. However, the people at whose behest he became king reserved the power to remove him if found guilty of violating oath of stool. The traditional institution is actually the system of governance nearest to the people. And kings were the chief security officers of their communities. So indispensable are the roles of kings and traditional rulers to the peaceful co-existence of their people, ensuring that government policies and Programmes were seamlessly spread to the people that many people are clamouring for the inclusion of definite and specific roles in the Constitution for the traditional institution.
Traditional rulers are fathers to every member of their domain. So they are not expected to discriminate, show favouritism. By their fatherly position traditional rulers, though can not be apolitical, are also expected to be immune from partisan politics. This is because as one who presides over a great house where people of different political divide or interest belong, an open interest for a political party means ostracisation of other members of the family which could lead to disrespect, conflict of interest, wrangling and anarchy. Traditional rulers are supposed to be selfless, preferring the interest of their people above their personal interests following the consciousness that they are stewards whose emergence remains the prerogative of the people. The position is essentially for service and not for personal aggrandisement and ego massaging. So they should hold the resources of the people in trust. However, in recent past the traditional institution has suffered denigration because of unnecessary emotional attachment to political parties and political leaders. Some traditional rulers and kings have shown complete disregard to the principle of neutrality because of filthy lucre and pecuniary gains, at the expense of the stool and people they lead. Sadly some traditional rulers have been influenced to pervert justice: giving justice to the offender who is rich against the poor.
Traditional leaders should be reminded that the “throne is preserved by righteousness”, not by political chauvinism, favouritism, or materialism.Traditional rulers should earn their deserved respect from political leaders by refusing the pressure to be subservient, beggarly, sycophantic and docile. Traditional leaders have natural and permanent leadership system, unlike the political leadership that is transient and tenured.They should be partners with every administration in power and should not be tied to the apron string of past leaders whose activities are aversive to the incumbent administration and thereby constituting a clog in the development of the State and the community they are to woo infrastructure development to. It is unpardonable error for a traditional ruler to have his conscience mortgaged for benefits he gets inordinately from any government.It is necessary to encourage kings and traditional rulers to not play the roles of stooges and clowns for the privileged few, political leaders. Political leaders are products of the people, even as every government derives its legitimacy from the people.
No doubt, the roles of traditional rulers are so necessary that no political or military government can operate to their exclusion. This is why the 10th National Assembly mulled the inclusion of Traditional institution in the proposed amendment of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.Traditional rulers and chiefs should, therefore, be and seen to be truthful, forthright, bold, courageous, honest and people of integrity, not evasive, cunning, unnecessarily diplomatic and economical with truth.The time to restore the dignity of the traditional institution is now but it must be earned by the virtuous disposition of traditional rulers and chiefs.
Igbiki Benibo
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