Editorial
CBN’s New Cash Withdrawal Limits
In an obvious move to reposition Nigeria’s national currency, the Naira, for effective performance and control of the amount of cash in circulation, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) has introduced new cash withdrawal limits for banks and other financial institutions. The new policy comes on the heels of its recent currency redesign project, in which it expresses concerns about immense amounts of cash outside the banking system.
The directive on the new cash withdrawal limits was contained in the CBN letter dated December 6, 2022, which was addressed to all Deposit Money Banks, and other financial institutions like Payment Service Banks (PSBs), Primary Mortgage Banks (PMBs) and Microfinance Banks (MFBs). The letter was formally endorsed by Mr Haruna Mustafa, Director, Banking Supervision Department, CBN.
Under the new regulations, the Central Bank capped weekly over-the-counter (OTC) cash withdrawals by individuals and business organisations to N100,000 and N500,000, respectively. However, the apex bank states that withdrawals above the threshold will be charged a processing fee of 5% for individuals and 10% for corporate bodies. Also, third-party checks over N50,000 are not eligible for OTC payments, while the existing limit for cleared checks remains at N10 million.
The new cash withdrawal regime further limits maximum cash withdrawals via Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) to N100,000 per week and N20,000 per day. According to the CBN, ATMs can only load denominations of N200 and below, while the maximum amount that can be withdrawn via point-of-sale (POS) terminals is limited to N20,000 per day.
However, the Central Bank declares that in cases of last resort, not more than once a month, if cash withdrawals exceeding the prescribed limit are required for legitimate purposes, the withdrawal amount of individuals and corporate organisations shall not exceed N5 million and N10 million respectively, and shall comply with the referenced processing fee. This would be in addition to enhanced due diligence and further information requirements.
Furthermore, the CBN says that monthly re-runs of cash withdrawal transactions exceeding the prescribed limit should be referred to the banking supervisory authority. While needing to comply with existing Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism regulations related to Know Your Customer (KYC), ongoing customer due diligence and suspicious transaction reporting, among others, are required in all circumstances.
Moreover, the Central Bank encourages bank customers to use alternative channels including Internet Banking, Mobile Banking Apps, USSD, Card/POS, eNaira, etc., for banking transactions. The CBN also warned banks and other financial institutions that aiding and abetting circumvention of the new policy would attract severe sanctions.
Current moves by the CBN point to an effort to curb vote-buying ahead of the 2023 general elections, check and diminish the amount of cash in circulation. It is also aimed at containing the ease by which the Nigerian currency has been counterfeited by criminal gangs. Most significantly, these policies would help the apex bank regain control of excess cash floating in the economy, thereby upscaling the value of the Naira and curbing inflation.
The CBN governor, Godwin Emefiele, had revealed in last October that out of N3.23 trillion Naira in circulation, N2.73 trillion was lying outside Nigeria’s banking system. This figure, which represents about 85%, is what the CBN is trying to mop up back into the system to be able to control the money supply. We commend the bank for the initiative, which is quite positive. Many Nigerians will benefit from the new policy.
The government and banks would equally gain from the practice in the sense that it would reduce the cost of holding large amounts of cash, and capture more e-transactions and e-revenue for the institutions. Crimes like armed robbery, burglary, and kidnapping for ransom will drop because it will be difficult to raise the huge amount of money the criminals usually demand from the banking system.
Drastically reducing cash in circulation will likewise compel more transactions to be conducted electronically. There would be less currency outside the banking system, which will make monetary policy interventions more effective. This would reduce the size of the black economy and provide more intelligence for the tax authorities to expand the tax net to economic activities which were previously under the radar. Additionally, the volume of Naira to be printed every year will reduce significantly.
Apparently, the CBN is trying to drive a cashless economy by placing stiffer restrictions on cash withdrawals. However, a more effective strategy could have been to first enhance the cashless economy infrastructure to remove or significantly reduce the challenges and irritations that people experience when transacting using electronic payments. Many Nigerians regularly experience unsuccessful electronic payment transactions either due to bad network, switch failure or even lack of electricity to charge the devices.
A different strategy could have been employed to make a cashless economy attractive as was the case with Mesa in East Africa, so people voluntarily embrace it rather than the stick approach, which will, unfortunately, punish many people for circumstances that are beyond their control, especially the large unbanked population in rural areas. If not properly handled, the situation could result in a lull in economic activities, which may slow down GDP growth in the short to medium term.
Though there will undoubtedly be implementation challenges, the policy is a step in the right direction for sanitising the economy. The excess liquidity floating around in the economy needs to be mopped to minimise price escalation. However, the slow adoption of e-banking, the rise in cybercrime coupled with an election year, and other macroeconomic factors could dramatically slow the benefits of the policy.
There are moments in the life of a legislature when plain speaking becomes a public service. Senator Adams Oshiomhole provided such a moment on the floor of the Senate when he accused the Minister of Works, Senator David Umahi, of manifestly neglecting critical federal arteries in Edo and Delta States, and implored his colleagues to prevail on the Minister to adopt a more equitable and genuinely national approach to road infrastructure delivery. It was blunt, it was uncomfortable, and it was necessary.
The specifics of his complaint deserve restating. Drawing attention to the recent approval of some 20 new road projects despite the parlous state of existing ones, the former Edo State governor lamented that Nigerians cannot travel from Benin to Warri, Benin to Asaba, Benin to Auchi, or Auchi to Okene without encountering severe distress. He alleged a deliberate omission of these corridors from the national budget in the last three years, save for palliative interventions directed by President Bola Tinubu through tax credit arrangements. His question — “What have we done wrong?” — resonates far beyond the chambers of the National Assembly.
We lend our full and unequivocal support to that call. The Auchi-Benin Road, for instance, has been in a deplorable and near-impassable condition for several years, turning what should be a two-hour journey into an all-day ordeal of broken axles, extortionate fares, and despondent commuters. The media have, on multiple occasions, chronicled the suffering of motorists, traders, and students who ply that route. To describe it as a federal road today is to stretch the meaning of the term beyond recognition.
This pattern of sidelining is not confined to Edo or Delta. Even here in Rivers State, the disposition of the Federal Ministry of Works has left much to be desired, particularly along the Eleme axis of the East-West Road. That road, which ought to be a flagship of federal presence in the Niger Delta, has remained in a wretched state for long. Those who use it daily — workers at the Eleme Petrochemical Complex, the two refineries, Onne Port, and the countless ancillary industries — can attest to its deterioration. Work has proceeded in fits and starts without the sustained urgency such a strategic road demands.
The Eleme stretch is not a mere intra-state byway. It is the gateway to the nation’s economic jugular. According to the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing’s 2023 Highway Condition Survey, only about 35 per cent of the country’s 36,000 kilometres of federal roads are rated as being in good or fair condition, with the remainder classified as poor or very poor. The East-West Road, conceived in the 1970s to bind the entire Niger Delta, remains unfinished in critical sections more than four decades after. If it had been treated as a priority, the perennial gridlock, carnage, and economic loss on the Eleme-Refinery junction would have long been consigned to history.
The irony is as painful as it is glaring. The Niger Delta remains the goose that lays the golden eggs. Data from the Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative [NEITI 2023 Oil and Gas Audit] show that the region still accounts for over 78 per cent of Nigeria’s federally collected export earnings and about 65 per cent of total government revenue. The National Bureau of Statistics [NBS Foreign Trade Report Q4 2024] similarly confirms that crude oil continues to dominate export receipts. By every metric of equity and economic logic, a region that sustains the national purse deserves first-rate consideration in the allocation of infrastructure, not afterthoughts and tokenism.
Road infrastructure is not largesse to be dispensed by favour; it is the skeleton upon which commerce, cohesion, and citizenship hang. When contracts are concentrated in one geopolitical zone while other zones are left to contend with craters, it erodes trust in the federation itself. The World Bank’s Nigeria Development Update [June 2023] estimated that poor transport connectivity inflates the cost of moving goods by up to 40 per cent and costs the Nigerian economy an estimated $1.5 billion annually in lost man-hours and vehicle maintenance. If we profess to be one country, then equity must be the compass that guides key institutions before any project is executed. Development must spread round, not pool in one place as though other regions do not matter.
There is also a grave security dimension that can no longer be ignored. The deplorable condition of federal roads has become a veritable enabler of criminality. The NBS Crime Experience and Security Perception Survey reported over 2.5 million incidents of kidnapping-related occurrences nationally, with transport workers identifying bad road spots as prime ambush points. When vehicles are forced to crawl at 10 kilometres per hour through failed sections at Auchi, Sapele Road, or Eleme, they become sitting ducks for armed gangs. Fixing bad roads, therefore, is not merely about convenience; it is about safeguarding lives.
By his intervention, Senator Oshiomhole has hit the nail on the head and reminded Minister Umahi of a fundamental constitutional truth: public office is held in trust. The Ministry of Works is not a personal estate where contracts are awarded according to whim or political convenience. It is a national institution funded by the collective resources of Nigerians, including the oil and gas rents from the very communities whose roads are now neglected. The Minister must demonstrate balance, transparency, and a pan-Nigerian outlook in the distribution of projects that impact the daily existence of citizens. Selective neglect breeds suspicion, and suspicion is corrosive at a time when the nation is preaching unity, oneness, equity, and justice.
Consequently, the National Assembly must go beyond rhetoric and assert its oversight powers with vigour. Sections 88 and 89 of the 1999 Constitution [as amended] empower the legislature to investigate and expose any maladministration in the execution of federal projects. If an office holder is not acting rightly, it is the duty of the Senate and the House of Representatives to call him to order. Oversight must not be reduced to budget approval ceremonies; it must translate to field verification, public hearings, and insistence that the Federal Character principle, as enshrined in Section 14(3) of the Constitution, reflects in road awards.
Let the Auchi-Okene, Benin-Warri, Benin-Asaba, and Eleme East-West gangways be restored to motorable dignity. Let priority be given to completing existing, economically vital roads before embarking on new ones. If those who, through their resources, sustain the federation are sidelined in the distribution of tangible dividends, it tells poorly of our nationhood. Bad roads must be fixed, and they must be fixed now, with fairness as the guiding standard.
