Opinion
Begging The Unemployment Question
It goes without saying that one of the impedments to the socio-economic development of the Nigerian nation is the ever-increasing rate of unemployment. Since attainment of independence in 1960, the optimistic predictions about the ability of the modern industrial sector of the country to absorb the increasing number of urban unemployed and rural underemployed labour force have not been realised. In spite of the minimally noticed unemployment in the country in the early 1960s, one of the national objectives of the first National Development Plan was to develop as rapidly as possible, opportunities in education, health, and other sectors for creation of more jobs. But unfortunately the incidence of unemployment in the country has grown deeper and become widespread, cutting across all strata and geographical entities. A great number of those unemployed are mostly secondary school leavers and university graduates. As indicated in a publication titled “Productivity and Unemployment in Nigeria”, by Mike I. Obadan and Ayodele F. Odusola, as at 1996, an annual average of about 2.8 million fresh graduates enter the Nigerian labour market, with only about 10 per cent of them getting employment. Certainly, the situation is worse now.
The open urban unemployment only reveals the visible aspects of the unemployment problem in the country. The actual underutilisation of labour takes many other forms including various manifestations of underemployment and hidden unemployment. Thus to get a full understanding of the significance of unemployment problem in the country, we must also take into account, in addition to the open unemployed, those larger numbers of others who may be visibly active, but in economic sense are grossly underutilised. They include the hawkers who work all day in order to sell uneconomic quantilities of foreign and domestic products in our big cities. They include those who are engaged in second choice employment activities primarily because job opportunities are not available at the levels of education which they have attained. And they include farm labourers who are idle after the planting season and the construction company workers who are laid off during the rainy season.
Generally, underemployment rates are higher in the rural areas than the urban centres, and also higher among the females than the males.
Both unemployment and underemployment constitute a serious constraint to the economic progress of any nation. In fact they represent an obvious waste of the nation’s manpower resources.
In Nigeria, it is difficult to ascertain or quantify the waste because, in the absence of reliable statistical data, nobody is certain of the exact number of persons currently out of work. Statistics of the labour force, of persons employed, of employment and underemployment, and of vacant positions are scanty and in many cases non-existent in the local government councils, and the relevant ministries or departments both at the state and federal levels.
Several factors have been linked with the unemployment or underemployment dilemma facing the country. Popular among them are labour migration from rural to urban centres, high population growth rate, influx of foreigners from neighbouring countries, and faulty educational system which does not prepare its products for gainful employment.
But the most critical factor, and most neglected is the limited labour absorptive capacity of the country. As pointed out by the Professor of Economics and International Affairs, W. Arthur Lewis in his book titled Some Aspects of Economic Development: “One major difference between the United States and the underdeveloped countries is the apparently unlimited American capacity to absorb the products of schools”. Thirty eight years ago when only 15 percent of Americans obtained bachelor’s degrees, the people were afraid that they would not all find what to do. But as the number accelerated surprisingly, there was no surplus in the labour market. The American economy was elastic enough to absorb the increased number that the schools turned out.
The problem with Nigeria in terms of employment capacity is that the number of jobs for university and polytechnic graduates in physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, arts, social sciences, engineering, or some other professions are few. Consequently, as the number of graduates increases, the surplus goes into administration and other areas to do the jobs which can be satisfactorily handled by secondary school leavers. In the end, a large proportion of those who have acquired specialised training do not use it.
So as the Minister of Labour and Productivity, Chief Emeka Wogu, promises the mass of unemployed Nigerians job opportunities in the days ahead, he should first of all initiate policies and programmes that will aid our educational system to produce creative and practical men and women who can adapt to changing job patterns.
But above all, government in collaboration with the private sector should expand the absorptive capacity for the country’s school products – primary and secondary school leavers and university and polytechnic graduates.
This is to say that Nigerian governments at all levels should give greater priority to labour-intensive projects. With the country’s abundant labour force, there is the need for industrial establishments to employ techniques of production that will guarantee a fairly large employment of labour.
Besides, rural development programme should be given priority attention. Such programmes should include agricultural development, expansion of food processing industries and small scale industries, provision of rural access roads, and other basic infrastructural facilities. These strategies can contribute immensely to gainful employment of the rural populace. And indeed, concerted efforts should be made in the area of data collection and information gathering on labour force and the labour market in the country. Absence of such vital information makes it difficult to carry out effective planning in the labour sector.
Vincent Ochonma
Opinion
Empowering Youth Through Agriculture
Quote:”While job seeking youths should continuously acquire skills and explore opportunities within their immediate environment as well as in the global space through the use of digital platforms, government, corporate/ multinational organizations or the organised private sector should generate skills and provide the enabling environment for skills acquisition, through adequate funding and resettlement packages that will provide sustainable economic life for beneficiaries”.
The Governor of Rivers State, Sir Siminalayi Fubara, recently urged youths in the Rivers State to take advantage of the vast opportunities available to become employers of labour and contribute meaningfully to the growth and development of the State. Governor Fubara noted that global trends increasingly favour entrepreneurship and innovation, and said that youths in Rivers State must not be left behind in harnessing these opportunities. The Governor, represented by the Secretary to the State Government, Dr Benibo Anabraba, made this known while declaring open the 2026 Job Fair organised by the Rivers State Government in partnership with the Nigeria Employers’ Consultative Association (NECA) in Port Harcourt. The Governor acknowledged the responsibility of government to create jobs for its teeming youth population but noted that it is unrealistic to absorb all job seekers into the civil service.
“As a government, we recognise our duty to provide employment opportunities for our teeming youths. However, we also understand that not all youths can be accommodated within the civil service. This underscores the need to encourage entrepreneurship across diverse sectors and to partner with other stakeholders, including the youths themselves, so they can transition from being job seekers to employers of labour,” he said. It is necessary to State that Governor Fubara has not only stated the obvious but was committed to drive youth entrepreneurship towards their self-reliance and the economic development of the State It is not news that developed economies of the world are skilled driven economies. The private sector also remains the highest employer of labour in private sector driven or capitalist economy though it is also the responsibility of government to create job opportunities for the teeming unemployed youth population in Nigeria which has the highest youth unemployed population in the subSahara Africa.
The lack of job opportunities, caused partly by the Federal Government’s apathy to job creation, the lack of adequate supervision of job opportunities economic programmes, lack of employable skills by many youths in the country have conspired to heighten the attendant challenges of unemployment. The challenges which include, “Japa” syndrome (travelling abroad for greener pastures), that characterises the labour market and poses threat to the nation’s critical sector, especially the health and medical sector; astronomical increase in the crime rate and a loss of interest in education. While job seeking youths should continuously acquire skills and explore opportunities within their immediate environment as well as in the global space through the use of digital platforms, government, corporate/ multinational organizations or the organised private sector should generate skills and provide the enabling environment for skills acquisition, through adequate funding and resettlement packages that will provide sustainable economic life for beneficiaries.
While commending the Rivers State Government led by the People First Governor, Sir Siminilayi Fubara for initiating “various training and capacity-building programmes in areas such as ICT and artificial intelligence, oil and gas, maritime, and the blue economy, among others”, it is note-worthy that the labour market is dynamic and shaped by industry-specific demands, technological advancements, management practices and other emerging factors. So another sector the Federal, State and Local Governments should encourage youths to explore and harness the abounding potentials, in my considered view, is Agriculture. Agriculture remains a veritable solution to hunger, inflation, and food Insecurity that ravages the country. No doubt, the Nigeria’s arable landmass is grossly under-utilised and under-exploited.
In recent times, Nigerians have voiced their concerns about the persistent challenges of hunger, inflation, and the general increase in prices of goods and commodities. These issues not only affect the livelihoods of individuals and families but also pose significant threats to food security and economic stability in the country. The United Nations estimated that more than 25 million people in Nigeria could face food insecurity this year—a 47% increase from the 17 million people already at risk of going hungry, mainly due to ongoing insecurity, protracted conflicts, and rising food prices. An estimated two million children under five are likely to be pushed into acute malnutrition. (Reliefweb ,2023). In response, Nigeria declared a state of emergency on food insecurity, recognizing the urgent need to tackle food shortages, stabilize rising prices, and protect farmers facing violence from armed groups. However, without addressing the insecurity challenges, farmers will continue to struggle to feed their families and boost food production.
In addition, parts of northwest and northeast Nigeria have experienced changes in rainfall patterns making less water available for crop production. These climate change events have resulted in droughts and land degradations; presenting challenges for local communities and leading to significant impact on food security. In light of these daunting challenges, it is imperative to address the intricate interplay between insecurity and agricultural productivity. Nigeria can work toward ensuring food security, reducing poverty, and fostering sustainable economic growth in its vital agricultural sector. In this article, I suggest solutions that could enhance agricultural production and ensure that every state scales its agricultural production to a level where it can cater to 60% of the population.
This is feasible and achievable if government at all levels are intentional driving the development of the agricultural sector which was the major economic mainstay of the Country before the crude oil was struck in commercial quantity and consequently became the nation’s monolithic revenue source. Government should revive the moribund Graduate Farmers Scheme and the Rivers State School-to-Land agricultural programmes to operate concurrently with other skills acquisition and development programmes. There should be a consideration for investment in mechanized farming and arable land allocation. State and local governments should play a pivotal role in promoting mechanized farming and providing arable land for farming in communities. Additionally, allocating arable land enables small holder farmers to expand their operations and contribute to food security at the grassroots level.
Nigeria can unlock the potential of its agricultural sector to address the pressing needs of its population and achieve sustainable development. Policymakers and stakeholders must heed Akande’s recommendations and take decisive action to ensure a food-secure future for all Nigerians.
By: Igbiki Benibo
Opinion
Of Protests And Need For Dialogue
Quote:“.Across Abuja, Anambra, and Lagos, a common thread emerges: a disconnect between authority and empathy. Government actions may follow policy logic, but citizens respond from lived experience, fear, and frustration. When these realities collide without dialogue, the streets become the arena of engagement”
It was a turbulent week in the country, highlighting the widening gap between government intentions and public perception. From Abuja to Anambra and Lagos, citizens poured into the streets not just over specific grievances but in frustration with governance that often appears heavy-handed, confrontational, or insufficiently humane. While authorities may genuinely act in the public interest, their methods sometimes aggravate tensions rather than resolve them.
In Abuja, the strike by workers of the Federal Capital Territory Administration (FCTA) and the Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA) under the Joint Union Action Committee (JUAC) brought the capital to a near standstill. Their demands included five months’ unpaid wages, hazard and rural allowances, promotion arrears, welfare packages, pension and National Housing Fund remittances, and training and career progression concerns. These are core labour issues that directly affect workers’ dignity and livelihoods. Efforts to dialogue with the FCT Minister reportedly failed. Even after a court ordered the strike to end, workers persisted, underscoring the depth of discontent. Threats and sanctions only hardened positions.
The FCT crisis shows that industrial peace cannot be enforced through coercion. Dialogue is not weakness; it is recognition that governance is about people. Meeting labour leaders, listening attentively, clarifying grey areas, and agreeing on timelines could restore trust. Honesty and negotiation are far more effective than threats.
In Anambra, protests by Onitsha Main Market traders followed the government’s closure of the market over continued observance of a Monday sit-at-home, linked to separatist agitation. Governor Chukwuma Soludo described compliance as economic sabotage, insisting Anambra cannot operate as a “four-day-a-week economy.” While the governor’s concern is understandable, threats to revoke ownership, seize, or demolish the market risk escalating tensions. Many traders comply out of fear, not ideology. Markets are social ecosystems of families, apprentices, and informal networks; heavy-handed enforcement may worsen resistance. A better approach combines persuasion, dialogue with market leaders, credible security assurances, and gradual confidence-building. Coordinated political engagement with federal authorities could also reduce regional tensions.
In Lagos, protests erupted over demolition of homes in low-income waterfront communities such as Makoko, Owode Onirin, and Oworonshoki. The state defended these actions as necessary for safety, environmental protection, and urban renewal. While objectives are legitimate, demolitions drew criticism for lack of notice, compensation, and humane resettlement. Urban development without regard for human consequences risks appearing elitist and anti-poor. Where demolitions are unavoidable, transparent engagement, fair compensation, and realistic relocation must precede action to maintain public trust and social stability.
Across Abuja, Anambra, and Lagos, a common thread emerges: a disconnect between authority and empathy. Government actions may follow policy logic, but citizens respond from lived experience, fear, and frustration. When these realities collide without dialogue, the streets become the arena of engagement.
Democracy cannot thrive on decrees, threats, or bulldozers alone. Leaders must listen as much as they command, persuade as much as they enforce. Minister Wike should see labour leaders as partners, Governor Soludo must balance firmness with sensitivity, and Lagos authorities should align urban renewal with compassion and justice. Protests are signals of communication failure. Dialogue, caution, and a human face in governance are not optional—they are necessities. Police and security agencies must respect peaceful protest as a constitutional right.
By: Calista Ezeaku
Opinion
Empowering Youth Through Agriculture
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