Opinion
Time For The Needful
As a way of providing a solution to the Boko Haram insurgency that has been bedeviling the country for decades, many suggestions have been made by groups, individuals, including security experts. One of them is that government should declare the group terrorists.
Early in the week, the Katsina State House of Assembly joined in making such call against bandits. That was part of the recommendations of its committee on Security’s investigation into incessant activities of bandits which said that the declaration of bandits as terrorists would give the military, the police and other security agencies the power to deal with them accordingly.
In the words of the Committee chairman, Alhaji Muhammad Abubakar: “During our investigation, we realised that the Security Containment Order signed by Governor Aminu Masari recorded a lot of successes in inhibiting the bandits. We have realised that attacks, kidnapping and killing of people by bandits have reduced by about 35 per cent”.
A similar call had been made by both the federal and state lawmakers in the recent past, asking President Muhammadu Buhari to declare bandits terrorists and enemies of the state in accordance with the law, so that the military will be decisive and firmer in dealing with them.
An online dictionary, vocabulary.com, defines a terrorist as someone who uses violence, mayhem, and destruction — or the threat of those things — to coerce people or countries into taking a certain action.
Section1(2) of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2011, is explicit on what should be regarded as terrorism in Nigeria: “(2) In this section ‘act of terrorism’ means an act which is deliberately done with malice, aforethought and which: (a) may seriously harm or damage a country or an international organisation; (b) is intended or can reasonably be regarded as having been intended or can reasonably be regarded as having intended to (i) unduly compel a government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act; (ii) seriously intimidate a population; (iii) seriously destablise or destroy the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an internal organisation; or (iv) otherwise influence such government or international organisation by intimidation or coercion and (c) involves or causes as the case may be an attack upon a person’s life which may cause serious bodily harm or death;
(i) kidnapping of a person (ii) destruction to a government or public facility, a transport system, an infrastructural facility including an information system, a fixed platform located on a continental shelf; a public place or private property, likely to endanger human life or result in a major economic loss; (iii) the seizure of an aircraft, ship or other means of public goods transport and diversion or the use of such means of transportation for any of the purposes in paragraph (b) (iv) of this subsection, (v) the manufacture, possession, acquisition, transport, supply or use of weapons, explosives or a nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, as well as research into, and development of biological and chemical weapons without lawful authority, (vi) the release of dangerous substance or causing fire, explosions or floods, the effect of which is to endanger human life; (vii) interference with or disruption of the supply of water, power, or any other fundamental natural resource, the effect of which is to endanger human life…” Any person who engages in any of the aforementioned should be called a terrorist.
The question then is, has Boko Haram or bandits as government would rather they be called, not been doing virtually all that is listed in the Act? They have carried out and continue to carry out unprecedented destruction of both human lives and property, kidnapped hundreds of people, including school children, many of who are still being held in captivity, destroy train tracks and put the lives of hundreds of people in danger, they have shot down a military jet, killed many military men, many schools in some northern states have remained closed for several months because the authorities cannot guarantee their safety, people are being prevented from accessing their farms leading to prevailing food shortage in the country.
Just last Sunday, the former Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Director of Protocol, Alhaji Sagir Hamidu, was reported killed and scores of other travellers kidnapped on Kaduna-Abuja Road. Yet we remain comfortable pampering the apparent networks of sophisticated criminals with soothing names – armed herdsmen, kidnappers, criminals, bandits and so on, even when their onslaught is adjudged more devastating than the activities of a freedom fighting group from the South-Eastern part of the country that had long been proscribed by the federal government.
The reluctance of the federal government in declaring the bandits as terrorists, dealing with them the way they deserve is seen by many as the reason for the boldness of the criminals in daily carrying out their criminal activities. Banditry, kidnapping and terrorism have become big business in Nigeria both for the sponsors and those in the actual act. Report has it that the Nigeria Air Force has stated that they cannot deploy the Super Tucano jets recently acquired on bandits but only on terrorists in accordance with their agreement with the United States of America who sold them to Nigeria.
Not a few concerned Nigerians will, therefore, want to know why the government finds it difficult to do the needful. Is the government afraid that labelling the bandits, Boko Haram, herdsmen or whatever they are called, terrorists may lead to some greater consequences for the nation as postulated by their self-appointed spokesperson, Sheikh Ahmad Gumi? Could it be that the president is hesitant because he is from the same region with those engaged in these terrorism acts as being insinuated?
Nigeria is currently on fire because of the activities of the bandits. Known and unknown gunmen are making life hellish for the citizens and the time for President Muhammadu Buhari, the Attorney General of the Federation and all those who have any role to play in proscribing the bandits to put sentiments aside and do the expected in the interest of the nation and the citizens. The insecurity situation in the country is not insurmountable if our leaders are sincere and willing to deal with it. This I believe.
By: Calista Ezeaku
Metro
From Himalayan Ice to Niger Delta Floods: How Melting Glaciers Will Reshape Nigeria’s Coastline
On Wednesday August, 26, 2026, the world watched Nepal as glacial collapse sent a wall of water tearing through the Nepal-China border mountain villages, swallowing homes, schools, roads, bridges and hydropower plants and causing significant loss of lives. All these were gone in minutes.
According to reports, the first indication that something was amiss came at 8.37 am local time,when the earth started shaking along the Nepal-China border, north of Kathmandu.
Scientists later established the fact that an enormous chunk of glacier sheared off from high on a mountain.This plunged into the river below. The section of the glacier that fell was approximately 2,000 feet wide.
A Professor of Hydrology at the Imperial College, London, Wouter Buytaert said, “this is the type of event that is triggered by climate change. Global warming strinks glaciers making it more likely for them to break apart.”
So far, more than 1000 people are found dead, 4,267 individuals rescued. As at Tuesday, 1st September, 2026, more than 4,400 people still reported missing and and more than 65,000 people affected in Nepal and Tibet. There are fears that the numbers of dead may still rise exponentially.
That disaster in the Himalayas feels far from the Niger Delta. But climate science tells us it is connected. The ice that melts in the Antarctica, Arctic, Andes, Himalayas,Alaska,Alps,Mt. Kilimanjaro and Mt. Kenya does not stay there. It flows into our oceans, and our oceans decide what happens to the Niger Delta.
For a proper understanding, we need to put this in perspective. What are glaciers?Glaciers and ice sheets are large masses of ice that form when fallen snow is compressed and recrystallised over the course of thousands of years. The two types of glaciers are the continental glaciers and the alpine (mountain)glaciers. The glaciers exist on all the world’s continent except Australia.These glaciers hold about 68-70% of the world’s freshwater. Together, they cover approximately 10 percent of the Earth’s total land mass.
For 10,000 years they were relatively stable. That changed in the 1900s. Since 1990, glaciers have lost over 9 trillion tonnes of ice. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the World Glacier Monitoring Service confirms that global glacier mass loss has accelerated, and 2022-2024 were the 3 largest loss years on record.
All 19 of the world’s major glacier regions reported a net annual loss of ice mass, though, year 2023 set an individual annual record for single-year water loss with glaciers shedding approximately 600 gigatons of water.
In October of 2023, during a visit to the Everest region in Nepal, the United Nations Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres called on the world to “stop the madness” of climate change, warning that the disappearance of glaciers altogether looms even larger.
However, researchers in recent projections show that mountain glaciers will lose one quarter to one half of their mass by 2100 for global temperature change scenarios. A third of glaciers in the World Heritage sites are set to disappear by 2050.
Also, many mountain regions have already witnessed radical glacier loss with many low elevation and small glaciers around the world, including all of Africa’s remaining glaciers at risk of disappearing within this century.
The ice is melting because global temperatures have risen to almost 1.4°C since pre-industrial times. The extra heat turns ice to water. As a result, the gradual disappearance of glaciers contributes to rising sea levels, increased risk of drought in densely populated plains and atmospheric pollution,where ancient greenhouse gases like methane trapped deep beneath the ice are released.
Glaciers in Greenland, Antarctica, Alaska and the Himalayas melt into rivers into the Atlantic, Arctic and Pacific Oceans.
The meltwater adds volume to the ocean. Thermal expansion of warmer seawater adds more water. Global mean sea level has risen from 21-24cm since 1900, and the rate has doubled since 2006. All this add up to the pressure in Nigeria’s Niger Delta, which over the years has witnessed severe flooding.
The Niger Delta Coast of Nigeria has 853km of coastline facing the Atlantic Ocean along the Gulf of Guinea.It stretches to a total of nine states including Rivers,Bayelsa, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Delta, Edo, Lagos, Ogun and Ondo. The coastline comprises inshore waters, coastal lagoons, estuaries and mangroves especially in the Niger Delta. The Niger Delta is a low-lying, sediment-based delta. Bonny, Brass, Okrika, Warri and Lagos Island generally sit across low-lying coastal terrain. .
So the meltwater from thousands of kilometers away ends up pushing against the shorelines of the Niger Delta, raising tides, and pushing saltwater into our creeks and groundwater.
The impact of the melting glaciers are enormous on the Niger Delta.The glacier melt may not cause a Himalayan-style flood, but may cause slow, compounding damage.
This is mainly due to the fact that higher sea levels mean king tides which now reach further inland. Communities in Okrika, Nembe, and Lagos Bar Beach already lose land yearly. With 0.5m rise by 2050, 30-50% of the Delta could face annual inundation.
Furthermore, as sea level rises, salt pushes into coastal aquifers and surface water. This is critical for the Niger Delta where people depend on shallow hand-dug wells and boreholes 10-20m deep for drinking water. Salinity ruins drinking water and kills agricultural crops.
Also, it will lead to worsened flooding and extreme rainfall. Climate change makes rains heavier. When high tides meet heavy rain with poor drainage in most Niger Delta communities and urban cities, floodwater has nowhere to go.
The critical impact will be the loss of livelihoods in the area. Fishing and farming in the Niger Delta area depend on brackish water balance. More salt from floods results to fish migration, and also crop failure.
The massive inflow of water may lead to Infrastructural damage: roads, refineries, industries and businesses at the coastal line are affected, while repeated flooding corrodes and disrupts production.
With the continuous melting of the glaciers, the next five years and beyond for people of the Niger Delta region is ominous.
By 2031, scientists evisage more “nuisance flooding” during high tide with 10-15cm additional sea level rise globally. And by 2050, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projects 0.28-0.55m sea level rise even if countries cut down on emissions. This will translate to more flooding and moderate coastal flooding will happen 10 times more often than it does today.
High tide will routinely flood coastal streets, damaging local infrastructure and threatens fresh water supplies. For the Niger Delta, that means displacement of communities and billions in damage.
What is worse? By 2100, if emissions continue, 1-2m sea rise is possible and this will make parts of the Niger Delta to become uninhabitable, if there are no massive defenses put in place.
While the rest of the world are preparing to abate disasters, the Niger Delta and Nigeria as a whole seem to be asleep to the reality that is beckoning.
The rest of the world are developing early warning systems for disasters, community evacuation drills and placements.
The UN 2025 report shows that 119 countries are now covered by a multi- Hazard Early Warning System. Launched in 2022 by United Nations Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, Early Warning for All is a ground breaking initiative to ensure that every one on Earth is protected from hazardous weather, water or climate events through life saving early warning systems by the end of 2027.
In the Netherlands the government used a technique known as Delta Works. They have built a country below sea level. The Delta Works is a massive network of dams, slluices, locks and storm surge barriers built to protect the Southern part of the Netherlands from catastrophic flooding after the 1953 floods.
The Dutch also use a system to strategically open and close dams that redirect massive volumes of river water to flush salt water back into the North Sea.
The United Nations (UN) and IPCC have begun the Global Stocktake-monitoring and inventory of climate issues of countries. There is the Loss and Damage Fund under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed at the 28th annual United Nations Climate Change Conference in Dubai 2023 to help vulnerable developing countries facing climate-induced impacts.
It is important to commend the African Union for the Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy which it is delivering on African goal for inclusive and sustainable development. Aslo, the Great Green Wall project to combat land degradation, desertification and climate change across the Sahel region. They must find a way to bridge the funding gap for the projects, which is huge.
Nigeria has to wake up from its deep slumber on these issues. What Is The solution?
If we cannot build Dutch sea walls tomorrow, we can do “smart adaptation”.
Research is key in this direction. Research institutes and the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) must monitor sea levels, salinity in boreholes, and map vulnerable communities.You cannot adapt what you do not measure.
We must return to nature-based solutions, such as restoration of mangroves in the Niger Delta. Thick mangrove forests act as natural wall against storms, hurricanes and rising sea levels One hectare of mangrove absorbs waves better than concrete and costs less. It also stores carbon.
Another solution is Water Safety,thereby investing in rainwater harvesting, deeper boreholes >40m above saltwater intrusion, and household water treatment for communities. This tackles Sustainable Development Goal 6.
We must adopt early warning. SMS flood alerts for communities like what Nepal is doing. Recently, the Federal Government of Nigeria issued alerts that over 2000 communities would face flood risk across 30 states. Seven states were identified as critical hot-spots.
In a statement, the Director of the Erosion, Flood and Coastal Zone Management Department, Mr. Usman Bokani said Akwa Ibom, Delta, Kogi, Benue, Rivers, Bayelsa and Ebonyi states could be critical areas during the forecast period. Also, Adamawa, Kwara,Taraba and Kebbi states had been categorised as high risk locations. Some communities in Borno, the FCT, Plateau, Nasarawa and Yobe states are expected to experience moderate flooding during this period. This is a good start.
Nigerian government must do all it takes to access funds in the area of foreign policy and finance and use it appropriately. Government should access the United Nations Loss and Damage Fund. Also, integrate climate into the Niger Delta Development Commission(NDDC) Masterplan and push for “polluter pays” from oil companies to fund adaptation.
Communities ought to be involved in this through information and education. Let them be enlightened about the consequences of their actions that lead to climate change. Government must mobilze communities in this regard. Climate adaptation works when people own it.
In conclusion, it is important to stress that
the ice in Greenland and the water in the Niger Delta are linked by one ocean. Nepal’s glacier burst was a warning. Our warning may be slower, salt in our wells, water in our streets, people moving from their ancestral homes, and more.
But we still have time. If Nigeria invests now in monitoring, growing mangroves, and community resilience, we can reduce the damage. Climate change is global. The response must be local.
By: Dr. Ibinabo Ogolo
Dr. Ibinabo Ogolo is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Geosciences and Environmental Management, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.