Politics
Politics Of Currency Review …Failed Battle of A Central Bank Governor
When Malam Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, the highly intelligent,
educated, fearless and no less patriotic Governor of the Central Bank of
Nigeria (CBN) resolved to introduce “project care”, CBN’s currency
restructuring exercise to Nigerians, the prince of Sokoto caliphate was no
doubt persuaded by love and care for Nigerians and the Nigerian economy.
Unfortunately, barely one month after Sanusi went public
with it, what turned out to be politics of currency restructuring, painted the
project as lacking in care for the citizens and forced the Federal Government
to put the exercise on hold.
The currency restructuring exercise had, like some other
well – intended projects of the president Goodluck Jonathan administration
been, highly politicized in under one month, massing Nigerians in two broad
divides of those in support of the project and those against it, particularly
as it affected the introduction of a single N5,000 note.
It was on August 23, 2012 that the CBN Governor announced
plans to introduce a single N5,000 into circulation and to reduce the existing
N5, N10 and N20 notes to coins by early 2013 in line with statutory
regulations.
Unveiling the plan in Abuja at a news conference, Sanusi had
said that three women: Margret Ekpo, Funmilayo Ransome Kuti and Gambo Sawaba
involved in the independence struggle of Nigeria, had been nominated to be on
the new N5,000 note.
Sanusi said the CBN board had considered and approved the
new currency series on November 28, 2011, adding that the bank also sought and
obtained the approval of President Jonathan on December 19, 2011 as required by
law.
The CBN Governor said under the new structure, the existing
denominations of N50, N200, N500 and N1,000 would be redesigned with added
security features, stressing that when the new structures come on stream in
2013, the Naira currency would comprise of six coins of N1, N2, N5, N10 and N20
and six bank note denominations of N50, N100, N200, N500, N1,000 and N5,000.
Sanusi had also allayed fears that the new N5,000 note might
trigger inflation, heighten corruption and ridicule the cashless policy of the
administration. According to him, there was no correlation between higher
currency denominations and inflation.
The new policy he
said, would, instead, complement its cashless policy and reduce corruption as
the volume of currency in circulation would drop.
The CBN Governor said that the introduction of the new
currency series would be a gradual process as the new bank notes would
circulate simultaneously with the old ones until they were fully withdrawn from
circulation as legal tenders and assured that CBN would ensure that the coins
collection was convenient and the infrastructure readily accessible, just as it
would liaise with all stakeholders to encourage use of coins.
However, the proposition attracted a deafening opposition
from a cross – section of Nigerians, forcing the suspension of the exercise.
Opposition to particularly the introduction of the N5,000 bank note came from
various strata of society including bankers, university lecturers, civil
society groups, labour organizations and political parties including the Action
Congress of Nigeria (ACN), Advanced Congress of Democrats (ACD) and Alliance
for Democracy (AD).
Former Head of Department of Banking and Finance, University
of Port Harcourt, Dr. Prince Nwakanma for instance, believed that the
introduction of the N5,000 bank note would fuel inflation with adverse effect
on the economy. It would also contradict CBN’s cashless policy which, he said
was yet to be enforced by the apex bank. He therefore wondered why the CBN
should introduce the N5,000 bank note when the Naira had lost considerable
value. He insisted instead, that the apex bank should concern itself with
raising the value of the Naira.
For the Ex-president, National Association of Chambers of
Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA), Dr. Simon Okolo, the
nation’s economy will not fare better with the introduction of N5,000 bank note
since, according to him, it is already affected by high inflation, high
interest rates, infrastructural decay, smuggling and inconsistent policies of
government. He said the organized private sector – the driving force of any
economy had also been adversely affected by high inflation.
According to him, the current low productivity in the
country will not support the proposed currency regime and argued that what
Nigeria needed were policies that would increase her low level production base.
“The apex bank should be seen carrying out its statutory
responsibilities of maintaining price stability in the economy”, Okolo said.
Also criticizing the “Project care” the Association of
Senior Staff of Banks, Insurance and financial Institutions (ASSIBIFI) said the
exercise amounted to policy summersault. Its president, Sunday Salako who
responded to the planned introduction of N5,000
bank notes in a statement, also argued that infrastructure appropriate
for the use of coins in the country was absent, and warned that the
introduction of higher value currency notes in an economy often signifies a
regime of increased and sustained fiscal deficit financing.
ASSIBIFI he said “advocates that national issues of this
magnitude which have serious monetary and fiscal implication on the nation’s
economy should be subjected to public debate for proper input and analysis by
CBN authority”
The Nigeria Labour Congress (NLC) in its robust opposition
to the introduction of the N5,000
currency note on account of various criticisms earlier highlighted, went
further to threaten that it would demand pay rise if the N5,000 was introduced.
On its part, the Nigeria Bar Association threatened to drag the CBN to court
while former President Olusegun Obasenjo, Senate President David Mark and senior
People’s Democratic Party (PDP) members were also opposed to the policy.
However, queuing behind President Jonathan and the CBN in
the now-suspended Project Care were the Federal Government Economic Management
Team (EMT), top flight bank executives, captains of industry, financial experts
and other prominent Nigerians.
The EMT which comprised ministers, top government officials
and members of the organized private sector said it endorsed the policy,
dismissing arguments that it would lead to inflation in the country.
Shamsudeen Usman, Minister of National Planning who spoke on
the issue declared that there were misrepresentations on the introduction of
the N5,000 note.
“There is absolutely no link. I am an economist; I have been
deputy governor, operations of the central bank. During the last review of the
introduction of N1,000 note and the various coins I was deeply involved, it was
my responsibility at the central bank, there is absolutely no link between
inflation and the currency denomination,” he said.
On the issue of coins, Usman said the CBN failed to
communicate what it did properly, adding that the coin will be issued
concurrently with the note until acceptance improved.
Even as movers of the nation’s economy, including Managing
Director, Access Bank, Aigbojie Aig-Imoukhuede, Chairman IBTC, Atedo Peterside
and Chairman, Dangote Group, Aliko Dangote lined behind the proposed currency
restructuring, the opposition forced a listening President Jonathan to suspend
the project.
Announcing the suspension in a statement, CBN’s Director of
Communications Ugochukwu Okoroafor said: “The CBN hereby informs the general
public that the president on Thursday, September 20, 2012 directed that further
action on the approved restructuring exercise be stopped.
“In full compliance with the provisions of the law, the CBN
hereby announces that further action on the said restructuring exercise has
been stopped, until such a time when Mr. President may direct otherwise”.
He stressed that no contract whatsoever, was awarded by the
CBN in connection with the printing and minting of the new currency notes and
coins.
It would be recalled that
former president Olusegun Obasanjo had described the CBN initiative as
one that would stifle production. Like Obasanjo, former military Head of State,
Gen.Yakubu Gowon (Rtd) had also opposed the move by the CBN to introduce the
N5,000 note.
Perhaps, the major undoing of the currency restructuring
exercise was the disinterest of the National Assembly, which appears to be in a
subtle power play with the presidency.
Financial analysts were of the view that the Federal
legislature, which has apparently developed the penchant for flexing muscles
with its executive counterpart, wants to take the credit off the executive, for
the currency restructuring.
Others, particularly the president’s supporters from the
South – South geopolitical zone believe that the “politricking” surrounding the
currency restructuring is part of the grand and sustained design of detractors
to discredit his government.
Eventually, both the senate and the House of Representative
at separate sessions on Tuesday September 18, 2012, after a two-month recess,
passed resolutions calling on the apex bank to halt the move.
Earlier, Senator Bassey Otu, Chairman, Senate Committee on
Banking, Currency, Insurance and other Financial Institutions had at a press
conference in Abuja contended that the currency restructuring exercise required
parliamentary approval because of its numerous fiscal implications on the
economy
Otu said the CBN needed to prove that the policy does not
contradict the cashless policy and that “this is the popular economic way to
go”
Echoing Senator Otu’s position, Senator Enyinna Abaribe,
Chairman Senate Committee on Media and Publicity said the CBN cannot take such
a momentous decision which affects the economy in very fundamental ways without reaching out to the parliament.
“The senate is saying that the major policy change that the
CBN is doing has implications for the country in terms of inflation. Every stakeholder
in the Nigerian government must be carried along. Let us know what you are
doing, why you are doing it, the reason behind that and everything before you
go ahead. This is international best practice”, Abaribe said.
The suspension of the currency restructuring exercise on
September 20, 2012 became the most honourable and patriotic action by the
president in the circumstance, for obvious reasons.
Firstly, going ahead with the policy in the face of intense
and well articulated opposition from the National Assembly would have given a
wrong signal of the executive’s disrespect for the legislature.
Secondly, rumours of unethical and fraudulent considerations
underpinning the exercise and contracts already allegedly awarded in connection
with the printing and minting of the new currency notes and coins would have
assumed lives of their own, had the CBN gone ahead with the exercise.
Thirdly, there were misrepresentations on the introduction
of the N5,000 note which made extensive and considerable interface with
Nigerians by the CBN imperative. This, the apex bank failed to undertake,
leaving many Nigerians ignorant of the policy thrust and incurring virulent
opposition to it. The suspension of the exercise became the most logical thing
to do in order to enable the CBN undertake more enlightenment on it.
Beyond the CBN bashing that trailed the currency
restructuring proposal, some critics went ahead to call for the sacking of
Sanusi. How necessary and realistic were the calls?
Most financial analysts were agreed that such action as
sacking of a Central Bank Governor should be taken very carefully considering
the crucial role of the apex bank in developing the economy of a nation.
Besides, those who spoke to The Tide on the issue described
the current CBN governor, Malam Sanusi Lamido Sanusi as a very competent
financial expert who hitherto, had not disappointed the nation.
They commended his performance in keeping on track the
banking sector reform programme which, they said, had brought sanity into an
industry in which some banks had, prior to the reforms, been conduit pipes for
both local and international money laundering activities.
The analysts also commended Sanusi for CBN’s vigilance which
has occasioned ebb in core banking, which was believed to have been sacrificed
on the altar of round tripping at the foreign exchange market.
Observing that some banks were still involved in some
unwholesome activities by becoming willing instruments in the hands of
fraudsters and some dubious entrepreneurs, the analysts said it was needful for
Sanusi to be allowed to carry through the ongoing banking sector reforms.
It would be recalled that under Sanusi’s watch, some ailing
banks have had their license withdrawn while prominent bank executives involved
in sharp practices that ruined their banks are still giving account of their
actions in various courts of law.
Perhaps, most compelling of the arguments in favour of
retaining Sanusi as governor of the nation’s apex bank is that the power of CBN
to undertake the suspended currency restructuring and the gains therein are yet
to be controverted.
According to one commentator, what undermined the CBN
currency restructuring exercise was that “the apex bank underplayed the
imperative of carrying the people along through enlightenment programmes”.
Under section 19(1) of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Act
of 2007, “The currency notes and coins issued by the Bank shall be –
a) In such
denomination of the Naira or fractions thereof as shall be approved by the
president on the recommendation of the board and
b) Of such
forms and designs and bear such devices as shall be approved by the
president on the recommendation of the
board”
CBN Director of Communications Okorafor noted in a statement
that in line with the above provisions and for the purposes of more efficient
payments and currency management systems, the CBN proposed and obtained the
approval of the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Goodluck Ebele
Jonathan, to embark on the currency restructuring exercise, codenamed ‘project
CARE’ on December 19, 2011″.
In the light of the foregoing, analysts were agreed that the
1999 constitution of Nigeria had guaranteed the CBN all the powers it required
to operate and that any other call for its autonomy is diversionary.
They contended that there were more urgent issues bordering
on the well being and welfare of the citizenry that required the attention of
government than the autonomy of the CBN.
He said, although he was deeply concerned about some governors and lawmakers defecting to the APC, the party was working quietly behind the scenes to stabilise its ranks and rebuild public trust.
“If you ask me whether I’m concerned about our governors leaving for APC, I am more than concerned. But leadership is a burden. As a leader of a group of equal status, I cannot determine the decisions or inactions of my colleagues, but certainly, a lot of work is being done behind the scenes,” he said.
The Bauchi governor accused the APC-led federal government of using coercive tactics to weaken the opposition, saying the ruling party was bent on turning Nigeria into a one-party state.
“You know the style of leadership of the APC-led federal government in trying to make this country a one-party state. They have the power of coercion; they have the power of everything,” he said.
Governor Mohammed, however, maintained that the defections would not derail the PDP’s resurgence, stressing that most Nigerians at the grassroots remained loyal to the party.
“Even those who left are not finding it easier because most of the people at the grassroots level are PDP and are not happy with the defections. Sometimes it is done because of permutations and calculations. But I assure you I am not going anywhere. I am in PDP, and my state has no element of division,” he explained.
Governor Mohammed revealed that more defections could occur, including from lawmakers in his state, but insisted the PDP structure in Bauchi remained solid.
“Even today, I saw in the news that one of my senators is going. They are being controlled, they are being bought, but certainly, the state is PDP. Nigerians want change, and they believe they can get it through the PDP,” he stated.
The governor emphasised that the PDP had laid the foundation for most of Nigeria’s measurable achievements under successive governments and that the party remained the only credible platform capable of providing national renewal.
“Most of the measurable achievements by the federal government were done by PDP regimes. By the grace of God, if we stand firm, we will deliver. Some of us who won as governors were not even considered capable, and here we are. That’s what will play out in 2027,” he said.
Addressing concerns over potential threats to the forthcoming convention, the PDP stalwart said the party leadership was working to resolve internal disputes and litigations aimed at destabilising preparations.
“I cannot speak for the National Working Committee, but as a leader within the party, I know they are doing their best to address issues of litigations. Many are artificially created to undermine us, but we don’t have any faction in the PDP,” he said.
He noted that while some individuals had approached the courts to stop the party’s convention, the PDP remained more organised than most opposition parties.
“Comparatively, most of the other parties are not better off than us. We are better off than most opposition parties. We are the only ones intact; with one National Secretary, one National Chairman, and one Publicity Secretary. This meeting gives hope that at the end of the day, we will deliver,” he said.
On reports of Governor Peter Mbah’s rumoured defection from the PDP, Governor Mohammed said Governor Mbah had not formally declared any intention to leave and remained a respected colleague.
“Actually, Governor Mbah has not told us his position. It is a personal decision. We cannot remove his picture before he leaves. When he leaves, we will replace him with another person. Up till now, he has not told me he’s leaving,” he said.
He also dismissed speculation surrounding Governor Siminalayi Fubara of Rivers State, describing him as a loyal member of the PDP who had endured significant challenges in office.
“He has not left the party; he is still PDP. Everybody has his own style. He is a humble young man who has gone through so much and has done well to accommodate all the problems and challenges he found himself in,” he said.
Commenting on speculations about a possible 2027 presidential project involving former President Goodluck Jonathan, the Bauchi governor said the PDP remained open to prominent figures who wished to return or associate with the party.
“People are still interested in this party, and these big names being associated with us make us happy. As governors, we have resolved to put personal interests aside. We are united and will come up with leadership that will be the best choice for Nigerians to put in Aso Rock, inshallah,” he stated.
Governor Mohammed reaffirmed his commitment to the PDP and expressed optimism that new, visionary leaders would emerge from the party in 2027 to defeat what he called the APC’s ‘deceptive’ style of politics.
“If somebody goes, just like a bird, they go, they come. Please, don’t blame anybody at the governors’ level; we are doing our best, but it is beyond our control,” he said.
In a statement following his recent visit to the United States and Rome, Mr Obi said he used the pilgrimage as an opportunity to seek divine intervention for Nigeria’s unity, peace, and responsible leadership.
He stated that after addressing members of the Friendship Club in the US and speaking at the 1st Ubuntu African Youth Assembly in Washington, he proceeded to Rome to join his wife for a spiritual retreat.
“With hearts full of gratitude, we thanked God that, despite our differences and the many challenges faced over 65 years of independence, He has kept us together as one nation,” Mr Obi said.
During the pilgrimage, the couple visited the four major Papal Basilicas in Rome — St. Mary Major, St. Paul Outside the Walls, St. John Lateran, and St. Peter’s Basilica — where they met with other Nigerian pilgrims.
“Along the way, we met many Nigerian pilgrims: men and women of faith whose faces shone with quiet hope. Together, we renewed our trust in God’s mercy and in the promise of a better Nigeria,” he added.
Reaffirming his faith in both divine providence and civic duty, Mr Obi maintained that prayer must be matched with personal and collective effort.
“Faith does not absolve us of responsibility; it calls us to action. We must each continue to do our part, with honesty, diligence, and love, for our nation’s healing and progress,” he said.
Mr Obi was accompanied by his wife, Margaret, during the pilgrimage, which also included an audience with His Holiness, Pope Leo XIV, at the Vatican City.
In a statement issued in Abuja on Saturday, HURIWA said the appointment of Prof. Amupitan, a senior law scholar from Kogi State, signalled what it described as an attempt by the President to consolidate control over the nation’s electoral process.
According to the group, intelligence available to it suggested that the new INEC chair was selected not primarily for competence but for loyalty.
“From the intelligence at our disposal, this appointment is not about competence but control. The President, who is desperate to remain in power in 2027, has chosen an ally who will do his bidding. It is now left for Prof. Amupitan to prove this wrong,” the statement read.
HURIWA expressed concern that the appointment could undermine the credibility of future elections unless the Electoral Act is urgently amended to make the use of the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS) and INEC Result Viewing portal (IReV) mandatory and enforceable by law.
The association recalled that the 2023 presidential election was marred by what it described as irregularities, while other polls, particularly the National Assembly elections, were “relatively credible” due to the effective use of electronic accreditation and result transmission.
HURIWA also linked the recent wave of defections by opposition politicians to the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) to what it termed the “weaponisation of state institutions.”
It claimed that many officeholders were joining the APC to avoid harassment or prosecution. “We have a President using every available state institution to weaken opposition parties,” the group alleged.
The rights body further noted the appearance of campaign billboards bearing President Tinubu’s image across parts of the country as a sign of early political campaigning and warned that such actions could increase political tension ahead of the 2027 elections.
HURIWA called on the National Assembly to prioritise electoral reforms that would strengthen INEC’s independence and ensure technological transparency in future elections.
It urged Prof. Amupitan to demonstrate impartiality and accountability in his role, adding that Nigerians and the international community would be watching closely to see whether he would uphold the commission’s integrity or serve partisan interests.
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