Each year, Nigeria is struck by a disaster that has become so routine it barely shocks the national conscience anymore: devastating floods that displace thousands, destroy livelihoods, and cost the country billions in damages. From Lagos to Lokoja, Borno to Bayelsa, the story is the same—swollen rivers, submerged homes, lost farmland.
Children drop out of school as their homes or schools are flooded. Health crises follow, as stagnant water breeds Cholera and other waterborne diseases. Women and children bear disproportionate burdens, from increased caregiving duties to heightened vulnerability in overcrowded displacement camps.
Just last week, the country woke up to another flood disaster. Mokwa, a commercial hub in Niger State was swept away. About 200 lives were lost, 3,000 people were displaced, bridges washed away, families left heart broken.
The painful thing is that the meteorological agencies, the Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency (NIHSA) and Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet) usually issue annual warnings about impending floods but little or nothing will be done by both the authorities and the citizens to avert the disaster until it happens and everybody starts running helter skelter. At a press conference in Abuja on Tuesday, June 3, the Minister of Water Resources and Sanitation, Joseph Utsev, clearly stated that flood warnings were given but they were not adhered to.
Speaking against the speculations that Mokwa flood was caused by the release of water from Kainji and Jebba Dams, he said, “Nigerians would recall that the Federal Ministry of Water Resources and Sanitation through the Nigeria Hydrological Services Agency in the 2025 Annual Flood Outlook on the 10th of April, 2025 predicted flooding in 19 LGAs of Niger State including Mokwa LGA.”
He also referred to the report of 2025 AFO, which indicated that 1,249 communities in 176 Local Government Areas in 33 States and the FCT fall within the High Flood Risk Areas, while 2,187 communities in 293 LGAs in 31 States, including the Federal Capital Territory, fall within the Moderate Flood Risk Areas.
Indeed, the floods in Nigeria are no longer unpredictable phenomena. Reports have it that in 2022, for example, over 600 lives were lost, 1.4 million people displaced, and over 200,000 homes damaged.
Crop-lands were washed away, leading to spikes in food prices and food insecurity. Infrastructure—already fragile—was further crippled. Subsequent years had similar reports. And yet, each year, State governments and citizens alike act surprised when the waters rise.
The causes of these floods are not mysterious. Climate change plays a role, with increasingly intense rainfall and rising sea levels. However, much of the devastation has been traced to human failings: poorly planned urban development, inadequate drainage systems, deforestation, and the mismanagement of river basins and dams.
For instance, the release of water from Cameroon’s Lagdo Dam annually inundates many States across the country, especially when the Dasin Hausa Dam, meant to contain the excess flow, remains incomplete decades after it was conceptualised. Similarly, urban expansion in many cities of the country often encroaches on natural floodplains and wetlands, replacing them with concrete that prevents water absorption and channels run-off into homes and roads.
Experts have claimed that at the heart of the flood disaster in the nation lies a deeper governance problem. Environmental policy is fragmented, implementation is weak, and coordination between federal, state, and local governments is almost non-existent. Flood response is often reactive—focused on rescue and relief—rather than preventive. Agencies like the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and State Emergency Management Agencies (SEMAs) are underfunded and overwhelmed. There is no better truth.
How many government agencies whose job is to prevent floods and other disasters do their jobs? Just like past floods in Nigeria, Mokwa flood has been largely attributed to unregulated buildings and construction activities, poor drainage infrastructure and the likes. And the question is, whose responsibility was it to ensure that these illegal buildings were not erected in the first place? Whose duty is it to ensure that refuse is disposed of properly and that defaulters are punished?
Of course, citizens are not to be exonerated from the blame. Many Nigerians find it difficult to obey rules. Many care less about the environment and they will be the first to cry woes when a disaster occurs. But the point remains that if the regulatory authorities do not wake up to their duties of ensuring that people comply with building codes and urban development guidelines, if they would rather collect money from developers and look the other way when water channels are covered with buildings, then, the floods so far seen might just be a child’s play.
It is high time the governments at all tiers and across all levels stopped seeing floods as seasonal inconveniences rather than existential threats. These authorities are quick to make promises in the aftermath of a flood, but once the waters recede, so does the urgency. Reports are written, funds are pledged, but structural action is rare. The cycle continues: warnings, inaction, disaster, aid appeals, and then silence—until the next year. How can this help the situation?
There is an urgent need for the completion of the Dasin Hausa Dam project in Adamawa State. Experts say that this dam, if functional, would serve as a buffer for the Lagdo Dam releases from Cameroon. The same goes with the need for rehabilitation and expansion of the country’s drainage systems, especially in urban centres. Most existing systems are outdated, clogged, or simply inadequate for today’s volume of rainfall.
Building codes and urban development guidelines must be enforced without compromise. State governments must stop the unchecked development on floodplains and demolish illegal structures that obstruct natural drainage. New developments must include adequate drainage systems, and environmental impact assessments must be mandatory and rigorously enforced.
Government should carry out resettlement programmes for people living in high-risk zones. It is not enough to announce that people living along river banks and flood prone areas should move to higher lands. Are provisions made for them to move and to settle on higher lands?
Also, early warning systems must go beyond press releases and scientific bulletins. They must translate into community-level awareness and preparedness. NEMA and SEMAs should partner with local governments, traditional institutions, and civil society to educate the public on flood risks and evacuation plans.
Community-based disaster response teams can be trained and equipped to act swiftly when floods occur. More importantly, simulations and drills should be conducted periodically, not just after disasters strike.
It is also important that the government, both state and federal, collaborate with the private sector to introduce subsidised flood insurance scheme, especially for farmers and small business owners who bear the brunt of flood damages.
Climate change is no longer an abstract threat; it is a daily reality. Federal and state governments must integrate climate resilience into all development policies. Ministries of Environment, Works, Water Resources, and Agriculture must collaborate to build climate-smart infrastructure.
This also includes reforestation projects, sustainable agriculture practices, and policies to reduce carbon emissions. Nigeria’s national climate adaptation plan must be updated and fully implemented, with budgetary allocations that reflect the seriousness of the problem.
Transparency in the use of emergency funds and infrastructure budgets is essential. Anti-corruption agencies should investigate diversion of funds meant for disaster preparedness and flood mitigation.
Nigeria’s flood disaster is now a national emergency that requires urgent, collective, and sustained action. We can no longer afford the complacency that treats annual floods as inevitable. The science is clear, the patterns are consistent, and the solutions are known. What is missing is the will to act.
A flood-resilient Nigeria is possible. It begins with planning, continues with investment, and is sustained by accountability. We must break the cycle of annual disaster and move toward a future where the rainy season is a blessing, not a curse.
President Bola Tinubu must be commended for approving the release of ?2 billion, 20 trucks of rice for victims. That will go a long way in helping them if they are not diverted by those in the chain of their release and distribution.

Calista Ezeaku

The increasing advent of technology is slowly, but evidently taking over major sectors in the world today, but not so much in Nigeria. Education is the backbone of any country, especially if it is one that hopes for the better future of its youths and the growth of the country at large.
Despite the known fact that education is key to national development, Nigeria’s education sector seems to be buckling under pressure ranging from a limited access to quality learning resources, poor school infrastructure, and overcrowded classrooms, among others.
It does not end there as many educators lack the digital literacy to properly use these tools. Proper strategies, digital literacy training and a focus on providing proper infrastructure in schools are the barriers that need to be tackled to surmount this challenge. Addressing these issues first would pave way for Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in schools.
Though, AI is more than technical jargon, it just might be what Nigeria needs to level the playing field, especially since it looks like we are being left behind with all the innovation technology has brought along. With its personalised features, teachers can tailor lesson plans based on each student’s weaknesses which would positively affect learning outcomes. Imagine a school in Kano, where students learn English through AI-powered applications and resources. It would give better opportunities for the teacher to have more time to give them more personal attention.
However, to fully realise these benefits, there are certain underlying issues that AI can easily tackle, especially those in rural areas, where there is lack of electricity, proper ICT tools, and internet connectivity.
A United States based publication, EdTech, noted that there is an increasing strain in the ability of teachers to carry out their occupational demands with planning lessons, meeting parents and guardians, and other administrative responsibilities.
However, according to Carnegie Learning, teachers who have embraced AI have seen notable changes in students’ outcome and their work flow. In their research, 42 per cent found out that using AI reduced time spent on administrative duties, 25 per cent noted that AI was particularly useful in assisting with personalised learning, and 18 percent of them reported an increase in students’ engagement. Only one percent could report no change at all with the use of AI in the classroom.
Notably, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), highlighted the potential of AI to address challenges in education, and its ability to innovate teaching and learning, as long as it is deployed safely and ethically. This connotes that every good innovation has a negative downside, and Artificial intelligence is not without.
According to UNESCO, well thought out strategies to maximise the use of AI in classrooms is what our education sector needs. I believe that as a nation we need to set policies that are channelled towards AI integration into the education system, and more importantly, all hands should be on deck to facilitate its process.
Teachers as well as students have a role to play in ensuring that it is not misused and rendered a vice. If we do not integrate AI soon enough, the learning gap between Nigeria and other nations will continue to widen, as it is already the case for most sectors of the country. This gap would not only widen, but it would go on to affect our youths who will be left behind in the global workforce.
Though, schools are known to be institutions of socialisation, where teachers play a major role in shaping the minds and outlook of the students in the classroom, I do not see AI as a replacement for teachers and evidently cannot take the job of educators. Additionally, the World Economic Forum noted that while AI can enhance the learning processes, it cannot replicate the human element that is needed by every student – that which is provided by teachers.
Therefore, AI is not a threat to teachers; rather it is a partner that benefits not just the teachers, but the students as well. It is important that policy makers move to develop and implement policies that integrate AI into the education system in Nigeria. The earlier we embrace this innovation, the better it will be for the future of every child.

Eniola Shobiye
Shobiye, a student, writes from the University of Ilorin.

Terrorism simply refers to use of coercion, threat or to utilise violence to spread fear so as to attain political and sometime ideological goals.
Primarily, it involves criminal activities, use of war, manipulating the subconscious to influence policies or change political arrangement.
Culprits of terrorism often hide under the guise of religion to unleash mayhem as well as adopt kidnapping, assassination and outright killing of unbelievers to subdue them to commit the authorities to accepting their candidates in political parties.
There are also cases where late settlers use violence and war, to grab land to expand their territories or hold on to power in the political hemisphere.
Perpetrators, sponsors and supporters may use gorilla war tactics where there is no direct physical battlefield or war front.
This makes it absolutely difficult for security to use conventional tactics to combat it.
Thus, where terrorists use soft targets to harm innocent citizen where perpetrators mix with civilians and making it difficult to identify them.
Examples abound in the South-American state of Cuba by Fidel Castro, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, Africa and Nigeria in particular.
There were stories of Boko Haram’s removal of President Goodluck Jonathan in 2015, kidnap of Chibok School Girls, herdsmen and farmer clashes and today outright land-grabbing.
In Nigeria today, what started as a small crime of Boko Haram has grown into a holocaust and genocide.
From Northeast to Northwest, North Central, South West, East and South-South, terrorism has become a national phenomenon.
Only recently, the invasion and killing in Plateau and Benue States are still very fresh in Nigeria.
In Plateau State alone, about one hundred persons were killed in the State; prompting Governor Caleb Mutfwan to declare a restriction of movement of cattle and ban on the use of bicycle and tricycles within the hours of seven O’clock in the evening to six in the morning, among others.
Governor Caleb Mutfwan also added, “we are also reactivating community based response system while urging traditional leaders and youth associations to reactivate local vigilante.
In Benue State, Governor Hyacint Allia disclosed that more than 70 persons have been killed.
While investigation is still ongoing survivors of the mayhem disclosed that the suspected killers spoke Fulani related languages.
Benue State seems to be definite on the origin of the killer invaders. In fact, governor Hyacint Allia stated in a media chat, foreigners are among the herders that invade Benue to kill; adding that they hide in the bush and unleash mayhem.
Former Senate president, David Mark, said the attack was not ordinary but an organised and premeditated.
It is a matter of concern that no culprit has been met with consequences. No culprit has been brought to justice in a nation where this magnitude of killing has taken place. One may ask what can the State governor do when the security apparatus are on the exclusive list?
Even though the State governors collect huge amount of security votes monthly, and vigilante groups in form of Neigbourhood Watch are not permitted to work with guns. In this case, how can community effort function effectively?
Time has come to examine the entire eco-space within which the narrative of terrorism works.
It is, therefore pertinent for Nigerians, from north to south, to be definite and categorical in tackling the menace of terrorism in Nigeria.
To this end, the National Assembly must initiate a bill to decentralise security as communities cannot challenge or stand terrorists with bow and arrow.
Cattle rearing is a multi-million naira venture undertaken by prominent Nigerians who must register their businesses and addresses of their ranches.
A live cow cost about a million naira and therefore it may be unwise to allow voracious cattle to feed on crops of a humble farmer.
Similarly, the ECOWAS protocol on open grazing must be reviewed, as it is outdated, to disallow cattle wander from land to land in the name of open grazing.
Politicians and political office holders must declare their assets to indicate whether they have cattle and if so, their ranches.
This is because there is animal husbandry in developed economies operated as business and not as terrorists. Why should the case in Nigeria be different? Fighting terrorism should not be seen as a battle for soldiers alone.
States must fulfil their promises to terrorists granted amnesty and also tame the excesses of the so-called repentant culprits who renege on their vows to curb internal crises.
The narrative that the murderers are foreigners does not hold water.
Nigerians are tired with several meetings with service chiefs without any positive outcome.
Once again, the call for state policing has become more relevant and use of non-kinetics measures, should be granted renewal impetus. The challenge of out-of-school children must be tackled to avoid being used as ready market for recruitment of youths and child-terrorists.
The Nigerian president Bola Ahmed Tinubu should not shift blame by  tasking State governors to look inward. Why is he commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Accountability, justice and honesty remain key to addressing and managing the eco-space of terrorism in Nigeria.The time to act is now.

Baridorn Sika
Sika is socio-political analyst.