Editorial
Environment: Humanities Hope For Survival
On Sunday, June 5, 2011 the global community under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programmes (UNEP) once more marked the world environment day. It was a day set aside by the world body, in 1972, to sensitize mankind on the need to take adequate measures to preserve and protect our environment against degradation but particularly to address concerns of developing countries – ‘human settlements, health, land, water, and desertification’.
The theme of this year’s celebration “Nature, forest at your disposal” was apt, especially coming at a time when many countries across the world are suffering untold devastation from nature’s fury. Japan, for example, is still battling with the aftermath of a devastating earthquake and Tunami that claimed thousands of lives as well as property estimated in billions of dollars.
The earth has indeed sustained life for millions of years. Land, forests, oceans and the atmosphere provide us our food, shelter and medicines. They purify our air and water, stabilize the earth’s climate and protect us from sun’s harmful rays. Yet we consume them as if there is no tomorrow.
Scientists have consistently sounded alarm that the planet earth is running out of fresh water. Even as the ozone layers is being continuously depleted by pollution thereby creating more water, only harmful water is being added, with the result that less than one percent of all water on earth is fresh. This situation leaves mankind with much of sea water and polar ice.
In the year 2000, it was reported by the UN-sponsored World Commission on water for the 21st century that one billion of earth’s six billion people did not have access to safe water and 2 billion lacked proper sanitation. It was also found that half of the world’s 500 major rivers are seriously polluted and depleted; only the Amazon and Congo rivers were considered healthy. Ten years after, not much progress has been recorded in the efforts to remedy this situation.
Scientists have again confirmed an over 50 per cent decline in the population of identified 281 fresh water species – animals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes.
If one issue has dominated the environmental debate over the last decade, it is global warming. The grave consequences are well known and ranges from projected rise in sea levels, loss of important ecosystem and bio-diversity, to severe natural disaster like floods and drought which have also become regular feature in Africa.
Through mismanagement, unsuitable planning, and over-use of fertilisers and pesticides, uncontrolled waste dumping, pressure from high population growth, poverty and even polluted rain, an estimated 2 billion hectres (nearly 5 billion acres have become degraded.
Perhaps of more serous concern is the fact that today, over 80 per cent of wood lands that originally circled earth’s surface in abundance have been cleared, fragmented or degraded. Most of the natural forests that remain, occur in just a few places. These forest blocks are valuable because they house indigenous people, culture, shelter and bio-diversity which contribute to economic growth, protect water sources and provide recreation. Worldwide, only about 3.55 billion hectres (more than 86 billion acres) of forest remain, half in the tropics, the rest in temperate and boreal zones.
The destruction of earth’s rainforest by an estimated 10-20 hectres or 25-30 acres every single minute is saddening especially when half of all prescription medicines come from natural sources like plant species found in rain forests.
In Nigeria, where forest management is still at its prime, deforestation and uncontrolled urbanization pose big challenges. Again desert encroachment and oil pollution even pose a bigger challenge.
Occasions like this should therefore provide ample opportunities for us to reassess efforts and strategies employed in forest conservation bearing in mind that our lives and most of our livelihoods are based on bio-diversity – the wealth of wild species. Many more efforts are urgently needed if we are to save the over 100 species scientists fear are being extinguished on a daily basis as humans deliberately or inadvertently destroy the natural systems that sustain life on earth.
Like any inheritance, bio-diversity can flourish if well managed, or it can be squandered and lost.
Today’s massive loss of species and habitat will be slowed only when the human community understands that nature is neither an inferior to be exploited nor an enemy to be destroyed but an ally requiring respect and replenishment.
The Rivers State government has taken the lead in environmental conservation through its urban renewal efforts that has seen the restoration of urban greenery, parks and gardens.
Other governments must take a cue. Also oil companies, whose activities have been a source of environmental distress and ecological quagmire in the Niger Delta region must launch, as a matter of urgency, remedial programmes that would seek to re-lunch disappearing species back into active life in their natural habitats as co-partners in our battle for survival as human species.
Tree planting campaigns must not remain an occasional pastime, but a consistent policy like the monthly environmental sanitation exercise, so that individuals families and neighbourhoods will imbibe the habit as a sure way of replenishing our plundered nature.
The recent massacre in Yelewata, Benue State, ranks among Nigeria’s deadliest attacks of
2025. While official figures put the death toll at 59, media reports and Amnesty International estimate between 100 and 200 fatalities. This atrocity extends a decade-long pattern of violence in Nigeria’s Middle Belt, where Beacon Security data records 1,043 deaths in Benue alone between May 2023 and May 2025.
President Tinubu’s visit on 18 June—four days after the 14 June attack—has drawn sharp criticism for its lateness. This delay echoes a history of inadequate responses, with Human Rights Watch documenting similar inaction in Plateau and Kaduna states since 2013, fuelling a culture of impunity. The attack lasted over two hours without meaningful security intervention, despite claims of swift action.
The violence bore hallmarks of genocide, with survivors recounting systematic house burnings and executions. More than 2.2 million people have been displaced in the region since 2019 due to comparable attacks. Data show Benue’s agricultural output falls by 0.21 per cent in crops and 0.31 per cent in livestock for every 1 per cent rise in violence.
Security forces continue to underperform. No arrests were made following the Easter attacks in April (56 killed) or May’s Gwer West massacre (42 killed). During his visit, Tinubu questioned publicly why no suspects had been detained four days after Yelewata, highlighting entrenched accountability failures.
The roots of the conflict are complex, with climate change pushing northern herders south and 77 per cent of Benue’s population reliant on agriculture. A Tiv community leader described the violence as “calculated land-grabbing” rather than mere clashes, with over 500 deaths recorded since 2019.
Government interventions have largely fallen short. The 2018 federal task force and 2025 Forest Guards initiative failed to curb violence. Tinubu’s newly announced committee of ex-governors and traditional rulers has been met with scepticism given the litany of past unkept promises.
The economic fallout is severe. Benue’s status as Nigeria’s “food basket” is crumbling as farms are destroyed and farmers displaced. This worsens the nation’s food crisis, with hunger surges in 2023-2024 directly linked to farming disruptions caused by insecurity.
Citizens demanding justice have been met with force; protesters faced police tear gas, and the State Assembly conceded total failure in safeguarding lives, admitting that the governor, deputy, and 32 lawmakers had all neglected their constitutional responsibilities.
The massacre has drawn international condemnation. Pope Leo XIV decried the “terrible massacre,” while the UN called for an investigation. The hashtag “200 Nigerians” trended worldwide on X, with many contrasting Nigeria’s slow response to India’s swift action following a plane crash with similar fatalities.
Nigeria’s centralised security system is clearly overwhelmed. A single police force is tasked with covering 36 states and 774 local government areas for a population exceeding 200 million. Between 2021 and 2023 alone, 29,828 killings and 15,404 kidnappings were recorded nationally. Proposals for state police, floated since January 2025, remain stalled.
Other populous nations offer alternative models. Canada’s provincial police, India’s state forces, and Indonesia’s municipal units demonstrate the effectiveness of decentralised policing. Nigeria’s centralised structure creates intelligence and response gaps, worsened by the distance—both physical and bureaucratic—from Abuja to affected communities.
The immediate aftermath is dire: 21 IDP camps in Benue are overwhelmed, and a humanitarian crisis is deepening. The State Assembly declared three days of mourning (18-20 June), but survivors lack sufficient medical aid. Tragically, many of those killed were already displaced by earlier violence.
A lasting solution requires a multi-pronged approach, including targeted security deployment, regulated grazing land, and full enforcement of Benue’s 2017 Anti-Open Grazing Law. The National Economic Council’s failure to prioritise state police in May 2025 represents a missed chance for reform.
Without decisive intervention, trends suggest conditions will worsen. More than 20,000 Nigerians have been killed and 13,000 kidnapped nationwide in 2025 alone. As Governor Hyacinth Alia stressed during Tinubu’s visit, state police may be the only viable path forward. All 36 states have submitted proposals supporting decentralisation—a crucial step towards breaking Nigeria’s vicious cycle of violence.
Nigeria’s return to democratic rule in 1999 marked a watershed moment in the nation’s political history. After enduring nearly 16 years of successive military dictatorships, Nigerians embraced a new era of civil governance with the inauguration of President Olusegun Obasanjo on May 29, 1999. Since then, the country has sustained a democratic system for 26 years. But, this democratic journey has been a complex mix of progress and persistent challenges.
The formal recognition of June 12 as Democracy Day in 2018 by former President Muhammadu Buhari acknowledged a long-standing injustice. The annulment of the 1993 presidential election, Nigeria’s freest, betrayed the democratic aspirations of millions. That it took decades to honour this date reflects the nation’s complex relationship with its democratic memory.
One of the most momentous successes of Nigeria’s democracy has been the uninterrupted civilian rule over the last two and a half decades. The country has witnessed seven general elections, with power transferring peacefully among different political parties. This is particularly notable considering that prior to 1999, no civilian government had completed a full term without military intervention. The peaceful transitions in 2007, 2015, and 2023 are testaments to Nigeria’s evolving democratic maturity.
Electoral participation, while uneven, has also reflected a level of democratic engagement. In 2003, voter turnout stood at about 69 per cent, but this figure dropped to approximately 34.75 per cent in 2023, according to the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). Although the declining turnout raises concerns, it also highlights the increasing expectations of the electorate, who demand credible and transparent elections.
Another area of progress is the growth of a vibrant and free press. Nigerian media has played a crucial role in holding governments accountable and fostering public discourse. Investigative journalism and civil society activism have exposed corruption and human rights abuses. The rise of social media has further expanded the democratic space, enabling young Nigerians to mobilise and advocate for change, as evidenced by the 2020 #EndSARS protests.
Judicial independence has seen mixed results. On one hand, the judiciary has occasionally demonstrated resilience, such as in landmark rulings that overturned fraudulent elections or curtailed executive excesses. On the other hand, allegations of political interference and corruption within the judiciary persist, undermining public confidence in the legal system’s impartiality.
Nigeria’s democracy has also facilitated the decentralisation of power through the federal system. State governments now wield some autonomy, allowing for experimentation in governance and service delivery. While this has led to innovative policies in some states, it has also entrenched patronage networks and uneven development across the federation.
Despite these successes, Nigeria’s democratic journey faces formidable problems. Electoral integrity remains a critical concern. Reports from election observers, including those from the European Union and ECOWAS, frequently highlight issues such as vote-buying, ballot box snatching, and violence. The introduction of the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS) and electronic transmission of results in 2023 elections showed promise, but technical glitches and alleged manipulations dampened public trust.
Corruption continues to be a pervasive issue. Nigeria ranks 145th out of 180 countries on Transparency International’s 2023 Corruption Perceptions Index, with a score of 25/100. Democratic institutions meant to check graft—such as anti-corruption agencies and the legislature—often struggle due to political interference and weak enforcement mechanisms.
Security challenges have also strained Nigeria’s democracy. Insurgency in the North East, banditry in the North West, separatist agitations in the South East, and herder-farmer conflicts across the Middle Belt have collectively resulted in thousands of deaths and displacements. According to the Global Terrorism Index 2024, Nigeria ranks as the eighth most impacted country by terrorism. The government’s difficulty in ensuring safety erodes public confidence in the state’s capacity and legitimacy.
The economy poses another critical remonstrance. Nigeria’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita stands at approximately $2,400 as of 2024, with over 40 per cent of the population living below the national poverty line. High unemployment and inflation have fueled discontent and disillusionment with democratic governance, especially among youth. Without addressing economic grievances, the democratic dividend will remain elusive for many Nigerians.
Ethnic and religious divisions further complicate Nigeria’s democratic consolidation. Politicians often exploit identity politics for electoral gains, exacerbating social tensions. Although federal character principles aim to promote inclusiveness, they have also sometimes fostered a quota mentality rather than merit-based appointments.
Gender representation remains inadequate in Nigeria’s democratic institutions. Women occupy less than 10 per cent of seats in the National Assembly, one of the lowest rates globally. Efforts to pass gender parity bills have faced stiff resistance, highlighting deep-seated cultural and institutional barriers to female political participation.
Civil liberties, while constitutionally guaranteed, are under threat. Crackdowns on protesters, restrictions on press freedom, and surveillance of activists reveal an authoritarian streak within the democratic framework. The controversial Twitter ban in 2021 exemplified the country’s willingness to curb digital freedoms, prompting domestic and international criticism.
The political crisis in Rivers State embodies broader democratic struggles. Attempts to control the state through undemocratic means expose weaknesses in federal institutions and the rule of law. Immediate restoration of democratic governance in Rivers State is vital to preserving Nigeria’s democratic integrity and institutional credibility.
Local governments remain under the control of state governors, depriving citizens of grassroots democracy. Last year’s Supreme Court judgment on local government autonomy is promising, but state-level resistance threatens its implementation. Genuine autonomy would bring governance closer to the people and foster democratic innovation.
As we mark Democracy Day, we must honour the sacrifices of Chief M.K.O. Abiola, Kudirat Abiola, Femi Falana, Chief Gani Fawehinmi, Pa Alfred Rewane, President Bola Tinubu, and countless others, who fought for Nigeria’s freedom. As democracy in Nigeria continues to evolve after 26 years, this day should inspire action toward its renewal. With despotism and state failure as real threats, both citizens and leaders must take responsibility—citizens by demanding more, and leaders by delivering. Excuses are no longer acceptable.